


\ <K \ 0\ 




General Specifications — Appendix 4 


Specifications for Riveting 




and * 




Reference Data for Use Therewith 




Bureau of Construction and Repair 
Navy Department 




EDITION OF 1919 




A- 




\ 




WASHINGTON , 




GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 





1919 



^■r 



General Specifications — Appendix 4 



Specifications for Riveting 

and 
Reference Data for Use Therewith 



U >% , Bureau of Construction and Repair 
Navy Department 



EDITION OF 1919 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1919 






Febbuaby, 1919. 

The following specifications for riveting are to be considered as standard 
for work under cognizance of the Bureau of Construction and Repair and 
will supersede "Instructions for Riveting Naval Vessels," edition of 
1914. 

The modifications introduced will be followed only for work contracted 
for after the issuing of these specifications, unless the contractors desire 
to do so for vessels contracted for previous to that date as a development 
of the plans and specifications. 

D. W. Taylob, 
Rear Admiral, Chief Constructor, U. S. Navy. 

(2) 



o. of jj. 

JUN it 1919 



/9-M,Yo? 



sx. 






CONTENTS 



SPECIFICATIONS. 

General: Par. Pag«. 

Material of rivets 1 7 

Rivets for different classes of steel material 2 7 

Exceptions to the requirements 3 7 

Rivet schedules 4 7 

Where special approval is required 5 8 

Workmanship: 

Hammer marks 6 8 

Use of calking pieces 7 8 

Punching, Reaming, Drilling, Tapping, and Counter- 
sinking: 

Punching 8 8 

Unfair holes 9 8 

Rejection of material 10 8 

Holes punched small and reamed 11 8 

Holes drilled, or punched small and reamed 12 9 

Reaming 13 9 

Holes in high tensile steel 14 9 

Holes for tap rivets 15 9 

Countersinking, general 16 10 

Countersinking, special 17 10 

Treatment op Faying Surfaces 18 10 

Stopwaters and Oil Stops: 

Stopwaters, use of 19 11 

Material of stopwaters 20 11 

Oil stops, use of 21 11 

Material of oil stops 22 11 

Alternative materials, stopwaters 23 11 

Use of materials other than specified 24 11 

Materials to be fresh when used 25 11 

(3) 



Bolting and Riveting: Par. Page. 

Bolting up 26 12 

Condition of work 27 12 

Suitability of rivets 28 12 

Heating of rivets 29 12 

Use of power in riveting. . . : 30 12 

Rivet points 31 12 

Rivets driven cold 32 12 

Testing of rivets 33 12 

Types of Rivets — Table 34 12 

Sizes of Rivets — Table 35 15 

Vessels of special light construction 36 16 

Connection of different thicknesses . 37 16 

Rivets in stems and sternposts 38 16 

Three and four ply riveting 39 16 

Double-strapped butts '. . 40 16 

Tap rivets 41 16 

Butt Connections; Rows of Riveting for: 

Single butt straps, butt laps, and double butt straps — 

table 42 17 

Double butt straps, " special ' ' — table 43 18 

Arrangement of Rivets in Rows: 

In plates 44 18 

In shapes 45 18 

Distances between Rows of Rivets, and to Edges of 
Plates and Shapes: 

Distances between rows, seams, and single straps 46 18 

Distances between rows, butt laps, and double straps. . 47 18 

Distances between rows for zigzag riveting 48 18 

Distances of rivets from edges 49 19 

Distances of taps from edges 50 19 

Plate Laps and Butt and Seam Straps: 

Widths of laps and straps 51 19 

Thickness of single butt and seam straps 52 19 

Thickness of double butt straps 53 20 

Thickness of straps increased if rivet holes are counter- 
sunk... 54 20 

Where plates strapped are of different thicknesses 55 20 



Spacing of Rivets in Rows: Par. Page. 

VT Table, General .. 56 20 

Seam laps and seam straps 20 

Single butt straps and butt laps 21 

Double butt straps 22 

Double butt straps, "special " 23 

Angles to plates, including staples 23 

Table of Additions and Exceptions to General 

Table 57 24 

Vertical keel where non-watertight 24 

Longitudinals, where non-watertight 24 

Transverse framing where non- watertight 25 

Decks and platforms 25 

Bulkheads 26 

Seatings 26 

In way of armor 27 

Turrets, and foundations for turrets and guns 27 

Miscellaneous and general 28 

Modifications of spacing 58 * 29 

Calculated Joints 59 29 

Basis for strength 60 29 

Tensile strength of medium steel 61 29 

Tensile strength, high tensile steel 62 29 

Joints in special-treatment steel 63 29 

Shearing strength, single shear 1 64 29 

Shearing strength, double shear 65 29 

Area of rivet for shear 66 30 

Bearing value 67 30 

Efficiencies of Joints 68 30 

Laps and single straps, all rivet rows complete — table. . 31 
Single straps, alternate rivets in the outer row omitted 

and with wide spacing in the outer row — table 32 

Double straps, all rivet rows complete — table 33 

Double straps, alternate rivets omitted and with wide 

spacing in the outer row — table 34 

Double straps, "special " — table 35 

Curves of Exact Spacing of Rivets for Joints of Maxi- 
mum Strength 69 36 

Single Straps Plate 1 

Double Straps Plate 2 



Par. Page. 

SrANDA-RD Rivets 70 37 

Pan heads Illust. 37 

Button heads Illust. 38 

Countersunk heads, flat Illust. 39 

Countersunk heads, raised Illust. 40 

Taps Illust. 41 

Rivet points Illust. 42 

Symbols for Rivets and Riveting 71 43 

REFERENCE DATA. 

Widths of Laps and Straps: 

Chain riveting — table 72 46 

Zigzag riveting — table 73 48 

Widths of Double Butt Straps: 

Chain riveting — table 74 50 

Gage Table for Shapes: 

Single riveting 75 51 

Double riveting 76 52 

Lengths of Rivets for Ordering: 

Allowances for Points — table 77 53 

Weights of Rivets — Table 78 54 

Reduction of Diameters to Inches — Table 79 56 

Spacing Tables 58 



GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS-APPENDIX 4. 



SPECIFICATION FOR RIVETING. 

EDITION OF 1919. 



GENERAL. 

1. Rivets for all structural work shall be of steel, unless et ^ aterial of riv " 
otherwise specified, and shall conform to and pass the 

tests prescribed by the specifications for "Steel Hull 
Rivets and Rivet Rods" issued by the Navy Depart- 
ment. (Obtainable from Bureau of Supplies and Accounts.) 

2. Unless otherwise specified or approved, rivets con-. Riyets for dif- 

r rr ' ferent classes of 

necting medium steel parts shall be of medium steel, rivets steel material. 

connecting high tensile steel parts shall be of high tensile 

steel, and rivets connecting high tensile and medium steel 

parts, where strength is of special consideration, shall be 

of high tensile steel. Where high tensile steel plating is 

connected to medium steel frames and beams, etc., and 

in other connections of these materials where strength is 

not of special consideration, medium steel rivets may be 

used if desired. Rivets for special treatment steel and 

nickel steel shall be as indicated on the contract plans, 

or as specified in the vessel's detail specifications. In 

general it is contemplated to unite these members among 

themselves and with each other by high tensile rivets for 

strength and ballistic purposes. 

3. Where conditions occur such as are not definitely Exceptions to 

_ _ . . , the requirements, 

covered by the requirements herein, the riveting, together 

with the width of laps, straps, and flanges of angle bars, 

etc., used in connection therewith, shall be subject to 

approval. 

4. Structural working drawings shall specify the mate- Rivet sched- 

ules, 
rial of rivets, the types of heads and points, and the sizes 

and spacings of rivets to be used. 

(7) 



8 



Where special 
approval is re- 
quired. 



5. Where special approval is required herein it is 
intended that the matters involved shall, in general, be 
passed upon direct by the Superintending Constructor or 
by the Construction Officer. 



WORKMANSHIP. 

Hammer marks. 6. Plates, angles, etc., shall not be marred nor show an 
undue amount of hammer marks around rivet holes. 

7. Butts and edges of plates and butts of angles in 
strapped joints shall fit closely together after being riveted. 
Calking pieces shall not be inserted in any such joints in 
water-tight or oil-tight work, unless specifically authorized. 



Use of calking 
pieces. 



PUNCHING, REAMING, DRILLING, TAPPING, 
AND COUNTERSINKING. 



Punching. 



Unfair holes. 



8. Punches and dies shall be kept in an efficient con- 
dition, and shall fit in the punching machines so as to 
punch holes fair and normal to the surface. Holes shall, 
in general, be punched from the side which will form the 
faying surface; where this is not done they shall be 
punched small, and reamed, as necessary to obtain a 
smooth surface before the material is put in place. Burr- 
ing of any kind between faying surfaces shall be avoided. 

9. Care shall be taken in punching and drilling to pre- 
vent unfair holes. Where such occur they shall be 
reamed out before riveting, and rivets suitable for the 
increased sizes of holes used. No drifting to overcome 
unfair holes will be allowed. 

10. Where the number or the diameter of individual 

holes reamed out to an increased size for the purpose of 

removing unfairness is such as will impair the strength of 

the structure, the material involved shall be rejected 

unless satisfactory compensation is fitted . 

Holes punched H. Rivet holes shall be punched small and reamed — 
small and 
reamed. (a) in work subject to test requirements for oil tightness, 



Rejection of ma 
terial. 



lira rig. 



Holes in high 
tensile steel. 



(6) in work where strength is of special importance, (c) in 
three or more thicknesses of material. 

12. Rivet holes through material of thickness corre- Holes drilled, or 

punched small 
sponding to a nominal weight of 40 pounds or more per and reamed. 

square foot shall be either drilled or punched small and 

reamed to the designed size. 

13. For holes required to be "punched-small-and- 
reamed" to the designed size, see table, paragraph 35. 

14. All rivet holes through high tensile steel shall be 
drilled, except where material is 12 pounds and less, 
nominal weight, the holes may be punched small and 
reamed. 

15. Drilling and tapping of holes for tap rivets must be Holes for tap 
done in such manner as to insure a first-class fit of the 

threads and to permit of the rivets being set up tight. 
The minimum penetration of the threaded part should be 
1 diameter. They should penetrate 1 1/2 diameters 
when practicable. 

The diameter of drills for tap rivets shall be in accord- 
ance with the following table: 



Diameter in inches. 


Number of threads 

per inch, 

United States 

standard. 


Tap rivet. 


Tap drill. 


3/8 
1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 
1 

1-1/8 
1-1/4 


5/16 

27/64 
33/64 
41/64 
3/4 
55/64 
61/64 
1-3/32 


16 

13 

11 

10 

9 

8 

7 

7 



93958—19 2 



10 

^o^tersinMng, 16. The angles of countersinks shall be as given on 
pages 39-41 for heads of rivets. In plates and shapes 
of thickness corresponding to a nominal weight of 12 1/2 
pounds and less, the depth of countersink may be the 
full thickness of the material; in plates and shapes of 
greater thickness the depth of countersink shall be ap- 
proximately 1/16 inch less than the thickness of the 
material. Where countersinking in accordance with the 
above is not suitable for one of the standard heads of rivets, 
of the required diameter, as shown on pages 39-41, it 
shall be made to suit the nearest standard depth of rivet 
head. But in no case shall the depth of countersink be 
such that the head of rivet before driving is less than 
approximately 1/16 inch above the surface of the plate 
or shape. The head must not be below the surface of the 
plate or shape after driving . 

CountersinMng 17. Where rivets of the raised countersunk type are to 
special. 

be used the angle of countersink for the holes may, if 

desired, be increased 3° over the standard angle given 

on page 40 for head of rivet. 

TREATMENT OF FAYING SURFACES. 

18. Faying surfaces of all plates and shapes shall be 
carefully cleaned just before work is assembled. Faying 
surfaces shall be painted as specified below: 

(a) Faying surfaces of non-watertight work shall be 
painted, except in drinking water, fuel oil and lubricating 
oil tanks. 

(6) Faying surfaces in way of riveting spaced water- 
tight or closer need not be painted at the option of builder. 

(c) Faying surfaces of members in contact with drinking 
water shall not be painted. 

The materials for painting faying surfaces must be fresh 
and must be applied to clean surfaces shortly before the 
members are assembled. In way of oil compartments, where 
used, they shall be a mixture of pine tar and shellac , or other 
approved materials; elsewhere red lead paint shall be used. 



11 

STOP WATERS AND OIL STOPS. 

19. Stop waters shall not be used to make good defec- Stop waters, use 
tive workmanship or materials nor where the best practice 

requires metal-to-metal contact. They shall be used, in 
general, only where non- watertight members pass through 
watertight members, for the purpose of preventing leakage 
from one side to the other of the watertight member, 
as required by paragraph 32 herein. The materials of 
stop waters and oil stops must not prevent properly 
drawing of the members close together for tight riveting 
and effective calking. 

20. Stop waters shall be lampwicking or canvas saturated Material of 

stop waters. 
with a mixture of red and white lead, or lampwicking or 

canvas soaked in boiled linseed oil and then in red lead 

paint. 

21. In way of oil-tight work, where the material is over Oil stops, use 
the nominal weight of 7 1/2 pounds, oil stops shall be 

used only under the general conditions specified above in 
regard to the use of stop waters, or where metal-to-metal 
calking is not practicable. Where the material is 7 1/2 
pounds, nominal weight, or less, oil stops may be used 
in seams, laps, stapling, etc., where necessary to secure 
oil tightness. 

22. Oil stops for material, over the 7 1/2 pound limit Material of 

. . oil stops, 

referred to above, may be lampwicking or canvas thor- 
oughly saturated with red lead and shellac mixture or 
lampwicking or canvas soaked in a mixture of pine tar 
and shellac. For material of 7 1/2 pounds and less 
oil stops shall be of 10-ounce canvas soaked for one-half 
day in clear shellac, then coated with the above red-lead 
and shellac mixture, or of 10-ounce canvas soaked in a 
mixture of pine tar and shellac. 

23. The materials of stop waters may be as specified for Alternative ma- 

terials, stop wa- 
oil stops. ters. 

24. Other materials may be used for stop waters and oil Use of mate- 

rials other than 
stops when specifically authorized. specified. 



12 

b Ma fr er sh 1S whi. 2 ^' ^^ e mater ials use( ^ i n preparing stop waters and oil 
used - - stops must be fresh and the work in way thereof must be 

riveted up before the material has hardened. 
BOLTING AND RIVETING. 

Bolting up. 26. The proportion of bolts used relative to the number 

of rivet holes shall be as approved. The work shall in all 

cases be carefully closed before the riveting is commenced. 

In oil-tight work, generally, one bolt should be fitted for 

every four rivet holes. 

Condition of 27. All burrs and chips shall be removed, and buckles 
work. 

and lumps shall be faired out before any riveting is done- 

Suitability of 28. The rivets shall be properly proportioned for the 
rivets. 

holes, and they shall be of sufficient length in every case 

to insure a satisfactory point. Such cutting as is necessary 

should be done while the rivet is still a dull red. the points 

are to be left full and must not finish below the surface 

of the material. 

Heating of riv- 29. Care should be taken that rivets be not burnt when 
ets. 

heating. Burnt rivets which are driven shall be cut out. 

Use of power in 30. In oil-tight work all rivets, as far as practicable, 
riveting. 

should be power driven. Where rivets are driven by 

power, the holding-on should also be by power. 

Rivet points. 31. j±\\ points shall be of adequate strength and prop- 
erly centered, following, as nearly as practicable, the 
standard dimensions given on page 42. Snap points 
shall not be reduced from the standard sizes by using tools 
that have been ground down from proper sizes or that are 
otherwise imperfect. 

Rivets driven 32. Rivets less than 3/8 inch in diameter may be driven 
cold. In watertight joints where such riveting is em- 
ployed canvas stops soaked in red lead or other approved 
mixture shall be fitted to secure tightness. 

Testing rivets. 33. All rivets driven shall be tested. Wherever found, 
loose rivets, burned rivets, rivets with slack or eccentric 
points, cracked or eccentric heads or with heads standing 
off from the surface shall be replaced. 



13 

TYPES OF RIVETS. 

34. The standard types of heads and points are illus- 
trated on pages 37-42; these should be followed so far 
as practicable. The use of other than standard types of 
rivets shall be subject to approval. The use of the re- 
spective standard types shall be in general accordance 
with the following table: 



Types. 


Class of work where used and 
detailed requirements as to 

types. 


Pan heads 


In all work, except where other 
types are permitted or re- 
quired . 


Button heads ... 


In casings, etc., where required 
for finished appearance and 
when approved to suit types 
of power-riveting apparatus 
employed. 


Countersunk 
heads. 


Where flush surfaces are re- 
quired ; in staples and bound- 
ary bars, etc., where oil or 
water tightness is required 
and where the heads of rivets 
may require calking. 

In work where countersunk 
heads are employed solely for 
the purpose of providing for 
calking, the raised counter- 
sunk type is preferred. 


Coned necks 


In all work with pan or button 
head rivets 1/2 inch diame- 
ter or over, except where 
otherwise approved. 


Straight necks... 


In conjunction with drilled 
or reamed holes only. 



14 



Types. 


Class of work where used and 
detailed requirements as to 
types. 


Countersunk 
points. 


Where flush surfaces are re- 
quired and where the rivet 
point may require calking. 

In outside plating these points 
shall generally be such that 
while not forming a distinct 
projection they shall be full 
enough to hold a rule or 
straightedge off from the sur- 
face of the material. They 
should not in any work finish 
below the surface of the 
plates or shapes. Particular 
care should be taken in re- 
gard to compliance with the 
foregoing requirement in ves- 
sels of light construction. 


Snap points 


. 

In framing and structural work 
generally, where flush sur- 
faces are not required. 

This type of rivet may also be 
required in sheer strakes of 
outside plating, etc., when 
strength is of special impor- 
tance, in order to avoid loss 
of material by countersink- 
ing. 


Hammered points . 


Where specially approved or 
required. 


Oval (Liverpool) 
points. 


In exposed finished surfaces 
with material less than 7$ 
pounds, where watertight- 
ness under pressure is not 
required, this type may be 
used instead of the counter- 
sunk type. 



15 



Types. 


Class of work where used and 
detailed requirements as to 
types. 


Tap rivets 


In connections of plates and 
shapes to armor, forgings, 
castings, and other material 
where use of through rivets 
is not practicable. 

These rivets may also be used 
as through rivets for attach- 
ments to outside of shell plat- 
ing when plating is over 15 
pounds nominal weight; in 
this case they shall be tapped 
into the plating and set up 
on the inside with nut, wash- 
er, and grommet. 



SIZES OF RIVETS. 
35. The size of punches, dies, reamers, and rivets shall 
be in accordance with the following table: 





Holes, punched. 












(A) Where subject 












to test require- 






Holes 






ments for oil 


Holes, punched. 


Hole s 


drill- 






tightness. 


In work not 


drilled 


ed 






(B) Where strength 


included in 


small, not 


full 






is of special 


(A, B, and C) 


in place 


size, 






imnortance. 


of foregoing. 


and reamed. 


in 


Nominal weight of 


Rivet 


(C) In three or 

more thicknesses 

of material. 






place. 


plates in pounds. 


4 


- 


3 


o 








5 






a 




03 


a 




C3 




C3 






























dn 


A 


M 


P4 


A 


« 


A 


tf 


A 




In. 


In. 


In., 


In. 


In. 


In. 


In. 


In. 


In. 


In. 




1/4 


7/32 


1/4 


9/32 


1/4 


9/32 


9/32 


1/4 


9/32 


9/32 


Up to 3, exclusive. 


3/8 


11/32 


3/8 


13/32 


3/8 


13/32 


13/32 


3/8 


13/32 


13/32 


From 3 to 6, inclusive. 


1/2 


7/16 


1/2 


9/16 


1/2 


9/16 


9/16 


1/2 


9/16 


9/16 


Over 6 to 8-1/2, inch 


5/8 


9/16 


5/8 


11/16 


5/8 


11/16 


11/16 


5/8 


11/18 


11/16 


Over 8-1/2 to 12-1/2, incl. 


3/4 


11/16 


3/4 


13/16 


3/4 


13/16 


13/16 


3/4 


13/16 


13/16 


Over 12-1/2 to 19, incl. 


7/8 


13/16 


7/8 


15/16 


7/8 


15/16 


15/15 


7/8 


15/16 


15/16 


Over 19 to 29, incl. 


1 


15/16 


1 


1-1/15 


1 


1-1/16 


1-1/16 


1 


1-1/16 


1-1/16 


Over 29 to 39, incl. 


1-1/8 


1-1/16 


1-1/8 


1-3/16 


1-1/8 


1-3/16 


1-3/18 


1-1/8 


1-3/16 


1-3/16 


Over 39 to 49, incl. 


1-1/4 1-3/16 


1-1/4 


1-5/16 


1-1/4 1-5/18 


1-5/16 


1-1/4 


1-5/16 


1-5/16 


Over 49. 



16 

Vessels of spe- 30. In vessels of special light construction rivets of 
cial light con- r 

struction. smaller diameters than those given by the above table 

may be used, subject to approval, where the flange of 
shape to which the plates are connected is not of sufficient 
width for the standard diameter. 
diflSt Cti °hick- 37# ^ liere P lates of different thicknesses, which form 
nesses. p ar ^ j a vesse i' s ordinary structure, are connected to- 

gether, the size of rivets and the spacing where strength 
is of primary importance, shall be that required for the 
thicker plate. If water-tightness or oil-tightness is of 
primary importance, the size of rivets and the spacing 
shall be that corresponding to the thinner plate; if the 
thicker plate is more than double the thickness of the 
thinner, an intermediate size of rivet shall be used. 
Where, in a vessel's ordinary structure, the plates and 
angles or other shapes connecting thereto are of different 
thicknesses, the size and the spacing of rivets, in general, 
shall be that corresponding to the thickness of the plating. 

Rivets in stems 38. Through rivets in stems, sternposts, and heavy 
and sternposts. 

castings shall be 1/8 inch larger than required for the 

, • plates connected thereto. 

3-ply and 4-ply 39. Except in the case of double-strapped butts, the 
riveting. 

rivets for 3-ply and 4-ply riveting may be 1/8 inch 

larger than the sizes required by the table on page 15, 

in order to facilitate drawing the material together. 

Double-strapped 40. In double-strapped butts, where the plating joined 
butts. 

is 25 pounds or less, the rivets shall be one size smaller 

than given for the plating on page 15. 

Tap rivets. 41. Tap rivets shall be 1/8 inch larger than the ordinary 

rivets required for the material in which the countersink 

occurs, except that taps into heavy forgings or castings 

6hall be 1/4 inch larger. 



BUTT 



17 



CONNECTIONS, ROWS 
FOR. 



OF RIVETING 



42. The following table is given for ready reference to 
indicate, in general, the number of rows of rivets to be used 
for butt connections in plates of various weights. The 
tables on pages 31 — 35 give the calculated efficien- 
cies of joints and shall be used where special strength is 
required. 



Connec- 
tions. 


Weights of plates, nomi- 
nal, in pounds. 


Riveting. (Symbols used: /, 
single row; / /, double row, 
etc.) 


Single- 
butt 

straps 
and 
butt 
laps. 


Under 7 1/2 

7 1/2 and under 15. 

15 and under 25 

25 and under 35 

35 and under 50. __ 

50 and over 


/ 

/ / 

/ / / 

1 1 1 I 

1 1 I 1 1, or / / / / with 
alternate rivets or 
wide spacing in outer 
row. 

As approved. 


Double- 
butt 
straps. 


15 and under 20 

20 and under 30 _.. 
30 and under 50. __ 
50 and over 


/ /-/ / or Ill-Ill 
111-11/ 

1 1 1 1- 1 1 1 1 
As approved. 



43. In single and double strapped butts with treble 
riveting and over, the type of butt with alternate rivets in 
the outer row omitted or with wider spacing in the outer 
row should be used wherever practicable. Where this is 
not practicable in the case of double-butt straps, a "spe- 
cial" type of butt connection in accordance with the 
following table may be used. In these "special" butt 

93958—19 3 



18 



connections the strap on the calking side shall take one 
less row of rivets than that on the opposite side, the 
alternate rivets of the outermost row in the wider strap 
being omitted. 



Connec- 
tions. 


Weights of plates, nomi- 
nal, in pounds. 


Riveting. 
(Symbols used: 11-111, 
calked strap, double riv- 
eted; uncalked strap, treble 
riveted, etc.) 


Double- 
butt 
straps, 
'"Special." 


20 and under 30. __ 

30 and under 45 

45 and over 


11-111 
111-1111 

As approved. 



In plates. 



In shapes. 



ARRANGEMENT OF RIVETS IN ROWS. 

44. Chain riveting shall be used generally where two 
or more rows of rivets are required in butts and seams of 
plating, except in vessels of special light construction 
where, in general, zigzag riveting shall be used. 

45. Zigzag riveting shall be used in shapes where two 
or more rows are required. 



DISTANCES BETWEEN ROWS OF RIVETS, AND 
TO EDGES OF PLATES AND SHAPES. 

46. In seams and single butt straps the distance from 
tween rows. center to center of rows for chain riveting shall be not 

less than 2 1/2 diameters. 

47. In butt laps and double butt straps, where chain 
riveted, the distance between centers of rows shall be 
not less than 3 diameters. 

Zigzag riveting. 48. In zigzag riveting of plates, straps, and shapes 
generally, the distances between centers of rows shall not 
be less than as given in the following table: 



19 



Spacing in rivet diameters. 


For 3 1/2 in rows 

For 4 in rows 


Between rows. 


1 1/2 
1 3/4 
1 7/8 
1 7/8 

2 
2 


For 4 1/2 in rows _ _ 


For 5 in rows . 


For 5 1/2 in rows 


For 6 in rows . . 





49. Centers of rivets shall be not less than 1 5/8 times et ?fr*m ed$s riV " 
the diameter from the edges of plates or straps. In angles 

and other shapes the same distance from the edge shall be 
maintained; except that, where the angles or shapes are 
planed or chipped to obtain a calking edge, the distance 
from edge to center of rivets may be 1 1/2 times the rivet 
diameter. 

50. The centers of taps from the edge of plates and ta D s istances ioT 
shapes should not be a less distance than that required by 

the 1/8-inch less size of rivets for which they are substi- 
tuted. Where taps are 1/4 inch larger than rivets they 
should, in general, be 1 5/8 diameters from edge. (See 
paragraph 41.) 

PLATE LAPS AND BUTT AND SEAM STRAPS. 

51. The widths of laps and straps shall be not less than Width of laps 

£tn& straps, 
required by the foregoing and should not exceed same by 

more than 1/8 inch for each row of rivets in the con- 
nections. 

52. Single butt and seam straps, when single or double giJbuttand i SU 
riveted, shall be of the same thickness ao the plates con- stra P s - 
nected. Single butt straps, when treble riveted or over, 
shall be at least 1.2 times the thickness of plates which 
they connect. 



20 



Thickness, 53. Double straps, where double riveted, shall be each 
double butt r ' 

straps. 1/2 the thickness of the plate they connect. Where treble 

riveted and over they will each be 5/8 the thickness of 

the plate. Where double straps are of the "special " type, 

having outer and inner straps of different widths, they 

shall each be 5/8 the thickness of the plate. 

Thickness of 54, Where rivet holes in ordinarv double riveted dou- 
straps increased 

if rivet holes are hie straps are countersunk, the weight of the counter- 
countersunk. r 

sunk strap shall be increased to 5/8 the thickness of the 

plate to compensate for loss of material. 

Where plates 55. Where the plates connected are of different thick- 
strapped are of 
different thick- nesses, the thickness of butt or seam straps shall be gov- 

H6SS6S 

erned by the lighter plate. 

SPACING OF RIVETS IN ROWS. 

56. The spacing of rivets, in rows, as far as practicable, 
shall be in accordance with the following table : 



Connec- 
tions. 



Plating: 

Seam 

laps and 

seam 

straps. 



Riveting. ! Spacing in 

rivet 
(Symbols used: /, single row: //, double, etc.) diameters. 



WATERTIGHT. 



/ , 

//, 10 pounds weight and under 

//, and ///, over 10 pounds weight. 



XOX- WATERTIGHT. 



/ 

//, or over 



OIL-TIGHT. 



Throughout. 



3 1/2 
4 

4 1/2 



4 1/2 
5 



3 1/2 



21 



Connec- 
tions. 


Riveting. 
(Symbols used:/, single row ;/ /, double, etc.) 


Spacing in 

rivet 
diameters. 


Plating: 

Single 
butt 
straps 
and 
butt 
laps. 


WATER-TIGHT. 
/ 


3 1/2 

4 " 

4 1/2 

4 

3 1/2 

4 1/2 

4 

3 1/2 
5 

4 1/2 
4 

4 1/2 
As for W.T. 

3 1/2 


// 


///, all rows complete 


///, alternate rivets omitted in 
outer row, 16 pounds and under _ 

///, alternate rivets omitted in 
outer row, over 16 pounds 

/ / //, all rows complete 


////, alternate rivets omitted in 
outer row, under 35 pounds 

////, alternate rivets omitted, or 
wide spacing, in outer row, 35 
pounds and over 


111 1 1, all rows complete 

11111, alternate rivets omitted, 
or wide spacing, in outer row 
under 45 pounds _ __ _ 


45 pounds and over, with alter- 
nate rivets omitted in outer row_ 


NON WATER-TIGHT. 
/ 


11, or over. _ 




OIL TIGHT. 

In general 


Wider spacing than 3 1/2 rivet di- 
ameters may be used if directed 
or approved. 



22 



Connec- 
tions. 


Riveting. 

(Symbols used: //-//, double riveted; 
Ill-Ill, treble riveted, etc.) 


Spacing in 

rivet 
diameters. 


• 

Plating: 

Double 

butt 
straps. 


WATER-TIGHT. 

11-11, rows complete. _ 


4 

4 1/2 
5 

5 

4 1/2 
5 

4 1/2 

3 1/2 


Ill-Ill, all rows complete 

1111-11 11, all rows complete 


NON WATER-TIGHT. 

Ill-Ill, alternate rivets omitted 
in outer row, under 25 pounds __ 

Ill-Ill, alternate rivets omitted 
in outer row, 25 pounds and 
under 30. __ _ 


1111-1111, alternate rivets 
omitted in outer row, 45 pounds 
and under 


1 Ill-Ill I, alternate rivets 
omitted in outer row, over 45 
pounds : 




OIL TIGHT. 

In general _ 


Wider spacing than 3 1/2 rivet di- 
ameters may be used if directed 
or approved. 



23 



Symbols used : //-///, double-riveted strap 
Connec- on calking side, and treble-riveted strap 

tions. on noncalking side, etc. — /, single row; 

//, double, etc. 



Spacing in 
rivet diam- 
eters. 



Plating: 

Double 

butt 
straps, 

"special.' 



Angles 
to 

plates, 

includ- 
ing 

staples. 



WATER-TIGHT. 

//-///, alternate rivets omitted 
in outer row 

/ / /-/ / / /, alternate rivets omit- 
ted in outer row 

OIL TIGHT. 

In general 

Wider spacing than 3 1/2 rivet di- 
ameters may be used if directed 
or approved. 



WATER-TIGHT. 

/, plate, or angle, 15 pounds and 
under 

/, plate, or angle, over 15 pounds. . 

//, plate, or angle, 15 pounds and 

under 

//, plate, or angle, over 15 pounds. 

OIL TIGHT. 

/, and //, in general 

Wider spacing than 4 rivet diam- 
eters may be used if directed or 
approved. 



4 1/2 
5 

3 1/2 



4 1/2 
5 

5 

5 1/2 



24 



Connec- 
tions. 


Symbols used: /, single row; //, double, 
etc. 


Spacing in 
rivet diam- 
eters. 


Angles 

to 
plates. 


NONWATER-TIGHT. 

/, or over, for strength connections 
generally, including face plates 
and reinforcing bars to stiff eners, 
etc_ _ __ 


5 


/, or over, for bulkhead boundary 
bars, stiffen ers, and connections 
where strength is not of special 
consideration 


8 



57. The spacing of rivets in rows, in the locations given 
in the following table, shall be used only as additions and 
exceptions to the foregoing general table: 



Struc- 
ture. 


Connections and riveting. 

(Symbols used: /, Single row; //, double, 

etc.) 


Spacing in 
rivet diam- 
eters. 


Vertical 
keel, 
where 
non- 
water- 
tight. 


/, plates to outer and inner angles; 
angles to flat keel and to rider 
plate be}^ond inner bottom 

/, to inner bottom 


7 
5 


Longi- 
tudinals, 
where 
non- 
water- 
tight. 


/, to outside plating 


8 
5 

7 


/, to inner bottom ._ 


/, plates to outer and inner angles . _ 



25 



Structure. 


Connections and riveting. 

(Symbols used: /, Single row; //.double, 

etc.) 


Spacing in 

rivet 
diameters. 


Trans- 
verse 
framing 
where 
non- 
water- 
tight. 


/, frames to outside plating 

/, reverse frames to inner bottom . . 

/, floor plates, lightened and solid, 
to clips on longitudinals and in 
connections to frames and re- 
verse frames, etc 


8 

5 

7 
5 
5 

7 


/, floor plates, lightened and solid, 
to clips on vertical keel, and on 
longitudinals in wake of dock- 
ing keels 


/, floor plates, flanged bracket type, 
to clips on longitudinals and ver- 
tical keel, and in connections to 
frames and reverse frames 

//, floor plates, flanged bracket 
type, to clips on longitudinals 
and vertical keel, and in con- 
nections to frames and reverse 
frames 




Decks 
and 
plat- 
forms. 


/, beam knees (ordinary) 


4 

8 

5 

8 


//, beam knees (ordinary) 

/, plating to beams below the low- 
est complete water-tight deck, 
and elsewhere in way of auxili- 
ary machinery _ 


/, plating to beams on and above 
lowest complete water-tight deck. 



9395S— 19- 



26 



Structure. 



W. T. 

and 
O. T. 

bulk- 
heads 

below 
lowest 



Connections and riveting. Spacing in 

(Symbols used: /, Single row; //, double, rivet 

etc.) diameters. 



/, stiffeners on noncalking side of 
bulkhead ; 



/. stiff ener if calked water-tight. 
/, stiff en er if calked oil-tight 



1/2 



complete j / f stiffeners on both sides of bulk- 
"W. T. head, through riveted 4 

deck. 



W. T. 

and non- 
W. T. 
bulk- 
heads 
above 
lowest 

complete 

W. T. 

deck. 



Seat- 
ings. 



/, seams, water-tight plating : 4 

/, and over, plating nonwater-tight, | 
5 pounds and under, to angles 
and deck beams 



/, stiffeners 

/.boundary bars to sheer strake, 
stringer plate, and other impor- 
tant longitudinal strength mem- 
bers 



4 1/2 
8 



/, and over, for engines, boilers, air 
compressors, etc 



27 



Structure. 


Connections and riveting. 

(Symbols used: /, Single row; //, double, 

etc.) 


Spacing in 

( rivet 
diameters. 

3 1/2 

7 

3 1/2 

As ap- 
proved. 

4 

As re- 
quired by 
table for 
single butt 

straps. 


In way 

of 
armor. 


/, brackets, beam knees, and web 
frames 


//, brackets, beam knees, and web 
frames _ _ . 


/, and over. In horizontal flanges 
of angles behind armor, without 
backing: Barbettes, conning 
towers, etc., to decks 


/, and over. In horizontal flanges 
of angles behind transverse ar- 
mor to decks. . _ _ _ 


/, and over. In vertical flanges of 
deck angles behind armor, with- 
out backing. . 


//, and over. In butt straps con- 
necting armor plates, without 
backing .. _ __ 




Turrets, 

and 
founda- 
tions 
for tur- 
rets and 
guns. 


/, and over. In structural work 
generally, rivets in shear 

/, and over. In structural work 
generally, rivets in tension 

/, and over. Supporting struc- 
tures in way of turret and gun 
foundations, including bulkheads 
and stiffeners 


5 
4 

5 





28 



Structure. 


Connections and riveting. 

(Symbols used: /, Single row; //, double 

row.) 


Spacing in 

rivet 
diameters. 


Miscel- 
laneous 

and 
general. 


Quilting rivets, as approved. 

ANGLES. 

Angles entering into the continuous 
longitudinal strength of the ves- 
sel shall in general be strapped at 
butts with a bosom bar having at 
least three rivets on each side of 
the butt for every row of rivets. 
The rivet holes in such bars shall, 
as far as practicable, be kept out 
of line transversely in order to 
avoid reductions of the longitu- 
dinal strength. 

BULKHEAD LINERS. 

Liners at bulkheads shall be so 
riveted that the longitudinal 
strength of the structure through 
a water-tight or oil-tight frame 
will be equal to the strength at a 
nonwater-tight frame. The riv- 
ets shall be suitably spaced 
around the perimeter ©f the liner 
for oil or water tightness as may 
be required. When directed, or 
approved, only the alternate 
rivets in the boundary bar in 
way of the liner shall extend 
through the plating. 


8 to 16 



29 

58. Where the spacing in rows as given in preceding Modifications of 
tables can not be followed exactly, the general practice 
should be to space closer, as may be necessary, to obtain 
equal divisions, but in no case shall the spacing in rows 
be closer than three diameters. 



CALCULATED JOINTS. 

59. Where the strength of joints is calculated this shall 
be done in accordance with the following instructions. If 
for special reasons adherence to these instructions for cal- 
culations is considered inadvisable, the matter shall be 
referred to the Bureau. 

60. The strength of the joint, so far as practicable, str e n |tn! S f ° r 
shall be equal to the strength through an adjacent line of 
non-watertight spaced rivets in the same member 

61. For medium steel plates the value of 63,000 pounds ofmSSfl? 1 
per square inch shall be used for the unit tensile strength. 

62. For high tensile steel plates, the value to be used ^ten^gS: 
for the unit tensile strength shall be the same as the 

minimum tensile strength specified for the material. 

63. For calculated joints in special treatment steel the ci ai° tot frStmeX 
method proposed to be used shall be specifically referred stee1, 

to the Bureau. 

64. The following values shall be used for the unit 
shearing strength of the rivets, in single shear: 

Medium steel rivets in medium steel plates 50, 000 Shearing 

Medium steel rivets in high tensile steel plates ... 43, 000 l h r e e a n r gth ' single 
High tensile steel rivets in high tensile steel plates . 64, 000 

65. The value of a rivet in double shear shall be taken 

as one and eight-tenths times the value given in paragraph Shearing 
„,, , . , , strength, double 

64 for single shear. shear. 



30 

Area of rivet lor 66. The shearing strength shall be based upon the tabu- 
shear. 

lated size of the rivet hole and not the diameter of the 

rivet before it is driven. 

Bearing value. 67. The bearing value when required in connection 

with these calculations shall be taken as double the 

shearing strength of the material. 

EFFICIENCIES OF JOINTS. 

68. The following tables of efficiencies of joints are 
based upon an assumed ratio, tensile strength of plate to 
shearing strength of rivets, of 63 to 50. Countersinking, 
where allowed for, is taken as extending the full thickness 
in all weights of material. Efficiencies are for joints of 
indefinite extent and do not cover special conditions which 
may occur in the case of a particular j oint required to be 
of maximum strength. 



31 



EFFICIENCIES OF JOINTS. 

LAPS AND SINGLE STRAPS. 



Rivet diam- 


Weights of 


ALL RTVET ROWS COMPLETE. 


/ 


/ / 


/ / / 


/III 


1 1 1 1 1 


eters, in 


plates, in 












inches. 


pounds. 


Spacing of rivets in rows— rivet diameters. 


3^- 


H 


31 

a. 62 
a. 62 


4 

a.67 

a.67 


3i 


4 


H 


3| 


4 


41- 


3$ 


4 


5 




f 7 

14 


a.62 

.61 


.51 

.48 





















f 


8 
8i 

8} 
9 
10 
11 
12 
12t 
I 13 

f 12| 
13 


.58 
.54 
.51 

a.63 
.61 
.55 
.50 
.46 
.44 
.42 

.51 

.50 


.45 
.42 
.40 

.50 
.48 
.43 
.39 
.36 
.34 
.33 

.40 

.39 


a.61 
a.61 
a.61 

a.63 
a. 63 
o.62 
a.61 
a.61 
a.60 
a.60 

a.64 
a.64 


a.68 
a.66 
a.66 

a.68 
a.67 
a.67 
a.66 
a.66 
a.65 
a.65 

«.69 

a. 69 








































































































































































































a.64 


a.69 


a.72 
















14 


.46 


.36 


a.84 


a.68 


a.64 


a.68 


a.72 














{ 


15 


.43 


.33 


a.63 


a.68 


a.63 


a.68 


a.71 














16 

18 


.40 
.36 


.31 

.28 


a.63 
a.62 


a.68 
.62 


a.63 
a.62 


a.68 
a.67 


a.71 
a.71 




























19 


.34 


.26 


a.62 


.59 


a.62 


a.66 


a. 70 
















1 20 


.32 


.25 


a.61 


.56 


a.61 


a.66 


a.70 
















19 
20 






a.63 
a.63 


.67 
.64 


a.63 
a.63 


a.68 
a.67 


a.71 
a.71 














a.63 


i.67 


3.71 








i - 


m 






a.62 


.57 


a.62 


a.67 


a.70a.62!a.67 


i.70 








{ 25 






.58 


.51 


a.61 


a.66 


.68a.61a.66 


i.70 


a.61 


a.66 


i.73 




27i 






.53 


.46 


a.60 


a.65 


.62 a.60!a.65 


i.69 


a.60 


a.65 


i.72 




29 






.50 


.45 


a.60 a.65 


.59.0.60 a.65 


1.68 


a.60 


a.65 


i.72 




{ 30 






.49 


.43 


a. 59 


.64 


.57 a.59 a.65 a.6S 


a.59 


a.65 


3.72 




f 29 










a.63 


a.67 


.66ja.63a.67 


a.70 


a.63 


a.67 


i.73 




30 










a.63 


a.67 


.64a.63a.67 


a.71 


a.63 


a.67 


3.74 


l 


321 










a.62 


.66 


.59 a.62 a.67 


a.71 


a.62 


a.67 


a.73 


35 










a.61 


.62 


.55a.61 


a.66 


a.70 


a.61 


a.66 


a.73 




831 










a.61 


.57 


•51a.61 


a.66 


.68 


a.61 


a.66 


a.73 




39 










a.61 


.55 


•49a.61 


a.65 


.65 


a.61 


a.65 


a.72 




I ±0 


.... 


.... 






a.60 


.54 


.48 


a.60 


a.65 


.64 


a.60 


a.65 


.72 




f 39 










a.62 


.61 


.55 


a.62 


a.67 


a.70 


a.62 


a.67 


a.73 




40 










a.62 


.60 


.53 


a.62 


a.66 


a.70 


a.62 


a.66 


a.73 


14 


42 t 










a.61 


.56 


.50 


a.61 


a.66 


.67 


a.61 


a.66 


a.73 


45 










a.60 


.53 


.48 


a.60 


a.65 


.64 


a.60 


a.65 


.71 




47^ 










a.60 


.50 


.45 


a.60 


a.65 


.60 


a.60 


a.65 


.67 




49 










.56 


.49 


.43 


a.60 


a.65 


.58 


a.60 


a.65 


.65 




I 50 










.55 


.48 


.43 


a.59 


.64 


.57 


a.59 


a.65 


.64 



a Plate weaker than rivets. 



Holes in plates countersunk 



32 



EFFICIENCIES OF JOINTS. 

SINGLE STRAPS. 



1 




ALTERNATE RIVETS IN OUTER ROW WIDE-SPACED RIVETS 
OMITTED. IN OUTER ROW. 


Rivet 
diameters, 
in inches. ! 


Weights 
plates, in 
pounds. 


/ / / / / / / '///// /// //// 

1 


///// 


Spacing of rivets in rows— rivet diameters. 


3i 


4 


*h 


3* 


4 


4* 


3i 


4 


4J 


a 

o 

59 


a 

gl 

«9 


© 
I 

51* 

o 


a 

o2 

g§ 

OS 


a 

si 

•*< 


* 

f 

j ... 

i 

1 

it— 


7 

1\ 
8" 
8* 
9 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 

r 13 

14 

J 16 
18 
19 

{ 20 

f 19 
20 

22' 
25' 
27^ 
29 
30 

f 30 
32i 
35" 
37} 
39" 
40 

f 39 
40 

42' 
45" 
47! 
49" 
50 


o.81 


o83 


o.85 
























o.Sl c.83:a.85 
a.81 e».83 a. 8b 
».80o.88k85 

o.80 o.83jo.85 

o.81 o.84o.86 
<*.8lk83k85 

i.81 Jo.83 a -8o 
o.80 o.83 ".So 
o.SOo.83 ,82 

o.82 ! o.84 o.86 
a.82'0.84,0.86 
o.82o.84 .83 
a.81 o.84| .78 
6.80: .78 .69 
6.79 .74 .66 


:::: 



















— 































































































































































































o.'fo 


o.75 


o.'78 


o.'75 


a.'si' 
























6.77 .70 
o.82 a.84 


.62 










.... 




c.74 


a.75 


o.77 


o.75 


o.81 


6.81 .80 
6.87 .71 
.73 .64 
.66 .58 


.71 &.81 
.«:J6.78 
.57 6.76 
.52 6.74 
1 


6.83 

6.81 

6.79 

6.77 


6.85 
S3 
.80 
.72 
.69 
.66 

.74 
.69 
.64 
.60 
.57 
.56 


6.76 

6.74 


6*79 

6.77 


6.8i 

6.79 


a.75 

o.74 

"it 

.65 

.73 
67 


o.75 

0.74 

.... 


o.78o.75 

o*77o.'74 


o.81 

o.80" 


.61 
.68 


.53 

.60 


.47 
.53 


6.72 6.75 

6.76 6.79 
6.75 -77 


6.72 

6.76 

6.75 
6.73 
6.72 


6.75J6.78 

6.79 6.82 
6.78 6.80 


o.73 
o.75 


o.76 

o.78 


o.73 
o.75 


o.79 

o.81 


6.73 
6.72 


.72 
.67 
.64 
.63 


6.77 
6.75 


6.79 
.77 
.74 
.72 


.63 

.58 
.56 
.55 


o.74 

'.74 


.75 

.70 
.68 
.66 


o.74 

o.74 


o.80 J 
.74 




.... 


6.71 


6.71 


6.74 




.... 




6.73 

6.72 

6.71 

.67 

ft 5 


.70 
.66 
.62 
.59 


.62 '.73 
.58J6.72 
.856.71 
.526.70 


6.76 

6.75 
'-.74 
6.78 


6.79 
.75 
.71 

.67 


.61 
.57 
.54 
.51 


o.74 

o.'74 
.70 


.73 
.69 
.65 


a.74 
o."74 


o.80 

.74 

.70 
.68 
.66 








.64 


.56 


.506.69 


6.72 .64 


.49 


.67 


.58 


o.72 



o Plate tears in outer row. 
Holes in plates countersunk. 



6 Plate tears and rivets shear in outer row 



33 



EFFICIENCIES OF JOINTS. 

DOUBLE STRAPS. 



Rivet 
diam- 
eters, 

in 
inches. 


Weights 

of 
plates, 

in 
pounds. 


ALL RIVET ROWS COMPLETE. 


11-11 


ni-iu 


////-//// 


/////-///// 


Spacing of rivets in rows — rivet diameters. 


4 


^ 


4t 


*i 


5 


4 


5 


4 


5* 


f 

i 

i 

1 
1* 


f 15 
16 

18 
1 .20 

f 20 

l 25 

f 25 

27i 
i 30 

f 30 
32J 
35 

37i 
I 40 

f 40 

42i 
{ 45 
1 47J 
I 50 


".73 

"~73 

".73 

"~73 

".73 

~"~73 

".73 

""".73 
.69 
.65 

.72 
.68 
.64 
.60 

.57 


".76 

".76 
".76 
".76 

".76 

".76 

.72 

".76 

.74 
.68 

".76 
.71 
.66 
.61 

.57 

.64 
.60 

.57 
.54 
.51 


".73 


".76 


".78 


".73 


".78 


".73 


".80 
















".73 

".73 

""".73 
".73 


".76 
".76 
"".76 

".76 


".78 
".78 
"".78 
".79 


".73 
".73 
""".73 
".73 


".78 
".78 
"".78 
".79 


".73 
".73 
"".73 
".73 


".80 
".80 
"".80 
".81 


".73 
".73 
""".73 


".76 

".76 


".79 

".79 

"".79 
.79 

.78 

".79 

".79 

.77 

.73 

.69 


".73 
".73 
"".73 


".79 

".79 
"".79 


".73 
",73 
"".73 


".81 
".81 
""".81 


".73 
".74 


".76 
".77 


".73 

".74 


".79 
".79 


".73 
".74 


".81 
".81 


".74 





".74 


".79 


".74 


".81 


".74 


".77 


".74 


".79 


".74 


".81 



a Plate weaker than rivets. 



No countersinking of rivet holes. 

93958—19 5 



34 



EFFICIENCIES OF JOINTS. 

DOUBLE STRAPS. 



Rivet 
diam- 
eters, 

in 
inches. 


Weights 

of 
plates, 

in 
pounds. 


ALTERNATE RIVETS IN OUTER ! J^^f^^L 

row omitted. rivets m outer 

row. 


Ill-Ill 


////-//// 


llfll-\ fifl- 
nai fill 


alli- 
um 


Spacing of rivets in rows — rivet diameters. 


4 


±\ 


5 


4* 


5 


5 


**, 

and 
62 in 
outer 
row. 


5, and 

8 in out- 
er row. 


5 

8 

4 

i 
1 


[ 15 
16 

18 

20 

f 20 

22* 
{ 25 

f 25 

l 30 

f 30 
32* 
35 

371 
I 40 

f 40 
42* 
{ 45 

I 50 


"°".86 


°.88 


°.89 

°.89 

°.89 

.87 

a .89 

°.89 

.81 

*.89 
.84 

.77 

.86 
.80 
.74 
.69 
.65 

.72 
.68 
.64 
.60 
.57 
































".86 

"".86 

".87 
«~87 
".87 
«~87 
.81 
°.87 
"".80 
".72 


°.88 

".88 

"°".88 

G .88 

Q .88 

.85 

a .88 

°.88 

.82 

.77 

.72 

.80 
.75 
.71 
.67 
.64 
































«.88 
'.88 


°.89 
a .89 


".89 
".89 


".84 
".84 


".86 
".87 


".88 
°.88 


".89 
".89 


".89 
".89 


".84 
".84 


".87 
".87 


a .88 


".89 


_ _ . _ 
".89 


".84 


".87 


a .88 
«.88 


".89 
".89 


".89 
".89 


".84 
".84 


".87 
".87 


".88 
a ~88 


"89 
.85 
.80 


".89 
"""".89 


".84 
" "~84 


".87 
"".87 



a Plate tears in out«r row. 
No count< reinking of rivet hol< b. 



35 



EFFICIENCIES OF JOINTS, 

DOUBLE STRAPS "SPECIAL.*' 



Rivet 1 
diam- 
eters, 

in 
inches. 


Weights 

of 
plates, 

in 
pounds. 


Calked strap, double riv- 
eted, rows complete; 
noncalked strap, tre- 
ble riveted, alternate 
rivets omitted in outer 
row. 


Calked strap, treble riv- 
eted, rows complete; 
noncalked strap, quad- 
ruple # riveted, alter- 
nate rivets omitted in 
outer row. 


Spacing of rivets in rows — rivet diameters. 


34 


4 


44 


4 


4i 


5 


f 
* 

i 

1 

U 


f 














20 


*.82 


ft .85 


°.86 














f 20 

22i 
I 25 

f 25 

27i 
I 30 

f 30 

324 
{ 35 

374 
I 40 

f 40 

42J 
45 
474 
I 50 


& .85 
°.83 
«.82 

a .84 


b .86 
°.85 
°.84 

°.86 


\88 

«.87 

.82 

«.88 

°.87 

.78 

°.87 
.81 
.75 
.70 
.65 

.73 

.68 
.65 
.61 

.58 














a .84 

«.86 
°.85 
°.84 

".85 
«.84 
°.84 
°.83 
°.82 

«.84 

".83 
«.82 
«.82 
°.82 


°.86 

a .88 
~ v .86~ 

".87 
~ v .86~ 
~~*~.84~ 

".85 
~~"~.84~ 
~~"~.84~ 


".87 

".89 
".88 
".87 

".88 
".88 
".87 
".86 
.85 

".87 

".86 

.84 

.79 

.75 


«.82 
a .83 


°.84 
a .85 


°.81 


°.84 


°.80 
a .81 


.74 

.82 


fl .80 


.73 


.75 


.65 



o Plate tears and rivets shear in outer row. 
No countersinking of rivet holes. 



& Plate tears in outer row. 



36 

EXACT SPACING FOR JOINTS OF MAXIMUM STRENGTH. 

69. The following plates (1 and 2) contain curves of exact spacing of 
rivets for usp in calculating joints of maximum strength. 



5. 



15 

IK 



k^> 






E2 



^ 



* <S4* 



o 



< 

to 






(a) 
(h) 
(c) 



«0 

K 






O 

u 

<0 






9 






I 








JMf 


















£ 

I SI 
MS 
E S 
































Tk 


A 
















O 
















(d 


) 


















\ 






































7 
















| 


/ 
















































































ifi 


































D0 %&\ 


>> 


















^^_ 


















^ 


















< 


c 4 


E 




















4 


2 4 6 

EXACT SPi 

fo: 

OF MAXIM 
D0UB1 




> 

4 

5 



3D 



4 








I 


A- 






8 






IZ 






/6 




SCAL£ 
ZO 


OF WEIGHT < 
2A 


OF PLATES 
28 




3Z 






36 






40 






44 






48 


SO 


























































t 

EXACT SPACING OFRIVETS 
FORJOINTS 

OFi/lAVI\/IITk/f QTDrVIPTU 




































\ 


























































\ 


ft 
























































5 


























































S 
























































> 


^ 




































^ 




















s 


^ 












\ 


























!# 






















U 




























T 








^v 














^ 


.- 








Xq 








51NULE STRAPS 
















\ 








^ 


> 














S 










^ 




















V> 


h 






\ 


V 


fc 














^ 












N^ 




-S 


&, 


















































V< 


L % 


» 






% 


\ V v 














S 














^<< 
















































V 


\ 


^ 








-f 




































> 












































\ 


% 


\ ? 










J -: 








I 










'<* 
































































-\,V 












■"-." 




/ 


"s< 














^&J 
























































^ 




/* 










'- 


' 




f% 




















^«g 




















































-^ 


f \^ 


5, 










% 






<< 


^ 




















X^ 


^< 


















































°'k 


^ 


V 


















^^ 


, 








































































?> 






Ak 


















^ 




ff<\,. 




































































" ; -/ 
























-'/. 




***> 


■■',. 


'±C 






























































r 








r* 


&- 
























p^s 
































































V 




--S 






























^ 






























\ 


/>, 


























£> 


■•/• 


































































\ 


' s 
































































































































-. 3 


°Vf> i£ „ 




























































^•iZ. 


r s 


V 
































Assumptions for calculations of 
exact spacings given: 

(a) Tensile strength of plate 63,ooo lbs. per. sq.in. 

(b) Shearing •• •• rivets 50000 » - •• •• 

(C) PLATE THROUGH COUNTERSUNK. 




























^ 


%, 




































































































































































































0. 


1 


z 


3 


J 


5" < 


5 

-» 


ifflK 




<3 

"m 


IZ 

v.-* 


J*- 


■- 


/ 
/?/> 


'£7 


/ 
"5 


e 


1 2 





3 


i 

7 


2* ^6 1 JO « 34 3fc 
"RIVETS, ^*|< 1° RIVETS — 


36 

* 


4V 

u 


42 
if 


44 4C 4a \ so 
11 VETS »U 



PLATE 2. 



38 



40 



44 



4B SO 



' it - 



T/O/YS fO/? CALCULATIONS OF 
XACT SPACJNGS GIVEN 

"RENG TH OF PL A TE 63.000 LBS. PER. SQ. IN. 

» RIVETS 50.0OO » » » • 

HEAR " - 1. 8 5INGLE SHEAR 

No Countersinking 



9 




36 38 
S 



40 42 44 46 48 



/§ RIVETS 



IJf RIV. 



37 



STANDARD TYPES OF RIVET HEADS AND POINTS. 

70. The sizes and proportions of standard rivets are illustrated on 
the following pages: 



PAN HEADS 



-li'ttifci jfU J^U P^r. 

cm rp c\#» r 

m T m* m* k 



4r 






7* 

a' 



•M 



'a 



*S" 



he 






-rf* 




ii 



Note.— The smaller diameter of the head of type P-2 shall be same as corresponding 
diameter of type P-l. 



>CALE OF WSJGHT OF f>LAT£$. 
ZQ 24 28.. 




EXACT SPACING OFRIVETS 

FOR JOINTS 
OF MAXIMUM STRENGTH 

DOUBLE STRAPS 



■ 



37 



STANDARD TYPES OF KIVET HEADS AND POINTS. 

70. The sizes and proportions of standard rivets are illustrated on 
the following pages: 



PAN HEADS 






O® && r^'wim / Vh» 
fetfT feOT ttlRT ff 



i*ti ilti 



tfd 



4 



■ff 



5^ T WP 



M 




Hfih 




Note.— The smaller diameter of the head of type P-2 shall be same as corresponding 
leter of type P-l. 



38 



BUTTON HEADS 



&fe ffli E% Q& rfc 



r-nr 



# 



^ 



■*- 1 T^-"** "■ Its ** 



ie 



kZW3 



-4 



a 






uj<0 



£l 



~l±- 



MS 



13 



3J 



ktf- 






a 



i 



w 



"«»o 



r 



r— is- 



-4 









! w)JSt 



W 



T 



-If 






inictf 



^1 



1 2H__t 
of T^ThsT 



ff 



0) 

I 



411 



ijs: 

he 









39 



COUNTERSUNK FLAT HEADS 



C-l 



.<30°. 



eo% 



-6^ 



WSV7F 



■5- 



:t H 



:t 




HS-i MIH MIH MBH 



4- 



f— 



-!: 



C-2 



r so Vi r * 







*k 









-45' 






'-7 1 • r 37 °-~^/ 






T 



2-£" 



C-3 



y^y 



r 



N^V 



/I -H M4- 



'I 



§V^5q| 



#- 



/i. 



ANGLES ANO DEPTHS OiVEM FOR HEADS ARE TO BE FOLLOWED 
DIAMETERS GtVEK FOR HEADS ARK. APPROXIMATE OMLY* . 



40 



COUNTERSUNK RAISED HEADS 



^^^t^^^Sfi 



45"^ 



h& 







fSH 



37' 



3 



8 «4* ^§-*- 



7 



<_) a " 









w 




ANCLES AND DEPTHS GIVEN FOR HEADS ARK TO BE FOLLOWED i 
DIAMETERS G1VEM POR HEADS ARE APPROXIMATE ONUY . 



41 



TAPS 



T-l 













50. 




•i 




T-2 




ANGLES AND DEPTHS GIVEN FOR HEADS ARE TO BE FOLLOWED. 
DIAMETERS GIVEN FOR HEADS ARE APPROXIMATE ONLY. 



42 



RIVET POINTS 



TYPE S 



SNAP 



PROPORTIONS SAME AS 
FOR BUTTON HEADS 



TYPE H 




HAMMERED: 
A» \*/A D 



TYPE O 




OVAL (LIVERPOOlV 
A* 2D 

COUNTERS I NK-/2C 



type CK 



/ \ 



COUNTERSUNK: 

PROPORTIONS SAME AS 
FOR COUNTERSUNK HE.AOS 



43 



71. SYMBOLS FOE USE IN SCHEDULES, ETC. 



TYPES 


01 


1 RIVETS. 


P — Panhead. 




CK — Countersunk point. 


B — Button head. 




S — Snap point. 


C — Countersunk head, flat. 




H — Hammered point. 


CR — Countersunk head, raised. 




— Oval (Liverpool) point. 


T— Tap. 







P/CK — Panhead and countersunk point. 
B/S — Button head and snap point. 
Etc. 
H. — For high-tensile steel rivets. This symbol must precede the dimen- 
sion for rivet diameter, as H. 3/4" P/CK, etc. Medium steel rivets 
should not have any distinguishing symbol. 

Single riveting, 
/ Double riveting. 

/ / Treble riveting, [For general use. 
/ / / Quadruple riveting. 
/ / / / Quintuple riveting.. 
I - I I Double butt straps, double riveted. 

/ I - 1 1 1 Double butt straps, treble riveted. 
I - I ! 1 Double butt straps "Special." The calked strap double 
and uncalked strap treble riveted. 
I I I - I I I I Double butt straps "Special." The calked strap treble 

and uncalked strap quadruple riveted. 
Z. — For zigzag riveting. Chain riveting should not have any distin- 
guishing symbol. 



THE FOLLOWING DATA IS FOR REFERENCE ONLY 
IN CONNECTION WITH THE PRECEDING 
SPECIFICATIONS AND DOES NOT 
FORM A PART THEREOF. 



(45) 



46 



72. The widths of chain riveted lap and strap connections, in 
accordance with the minimum requirements of the riveting specifica- 
tions, are given in the following tables: 



LAPS AND STRAPS. 

CHAIN RIVETING. 



Weights of plates, nom. ; in pounds. 


Under 3. 


From 
3 to 7 
incl. 


Over 
7 to 8^ 
incl. 


Over 

8} to 12£ 

incl. 


Widths 
of con- 
nections 
in rivet 
diame- 
ters. 




1/4 3/8 


1/2 


5/8 




Rivet holes, inches 


9/32 


«• 


9/16 


11/16 






0.062 0.130 


0.248 


0.371 




Connections. 


Riveting. 


Widths of conne 


ctions in inches. 


Seam laps. 


/ 
// 


13/16 
1-7/16 


1-1/4 
2-3/16 


1-5/8 2-1/16 3-1/4 
2-7/8 3-5/8 5-3/4 


Butt laps. 


// 
/// 


1-9/16 


2-3/8 


1 
3-1/8, 3-15/16 

4-5/8 5-13/16 


6-1/4 
9-1/4 






Seam and butt straps, 
single. 


/ 

// 

/// 


1-5/8 
2-7/8 


2-7/16 
4-5/16 


3-1/4 
5-3/4 
8-1/4 


4-1/16 6-1/2 

7-3/1611-1/2 

10-5/16ll6-l/2 











47 



LAPS AND STKAPS. 

CHAIN RIVETING. 



Weights of plates, nom., 
in pounds. 


Over 

12$, to 19 

"incl. 


Over 19, 
to 29 
incl. 


Over 29, 
to 39 
incl. 


Over 39, 
to 49 
incl. 


Over 49 


Widths 
of con- 
nections 
in rivet 
diame- 
ters. 


Rivets, inches 


3/4 


7/8 


1 


1-1/8 


1-1/4 


Rivet holes, inches. . 


13/16 


15/16 


1-1/16 


1-3/16 


1-5/16 


Area, holes, sq. in... 


0.518 


0.690 0.887 1.107 

1 


1.353 


Connections. 


Rivet- 
ing. 


Widths of connections in inches. 


Seam laps. 


/ 

// 

/// 


2-7/16 
4-5/16 
6-3/16 


2-7/8 

5-1/16 

7-1/4 


3-1/4 
5-3/4 
8-1/4 


3-11/16 4-1/16 

6-1/2 7-3/16 

9-5/1610-5/16 


3-1/4 
5-3/4 
8-1/4 


Butt laps. 


// 

III 

III/ 


4-11/16 

6-15/16 

9-3/16 


5-1/2 

8-1/8 

10-3/4 


6-1/4 

9-1/4 

12-1/4 


7-1/16 

10-7/16 

13-13/16 


7-13/16 
11-9/16 
15-5/16 


6-1/4 

9-1/4 

12-1/4 


Seam and 
butt straps, 
single. 


I 

11 

/// 

//// 

///// 


4-7/8 

8-5/8 

12-3/8 

16-1/8 

19-7/8 


5-11/16 
10-1/16 
14-7/16 
18-13/16 
23-3/16 


6-1/2 
11-1/2 
16-1/2 
21-1/2 
26-1/2 


7-5/16 

12-15/16 

18-9/16 

24-3/16 

29-13/16 


8-1/8 
14-3/8 
20-5/8 
26-7/8 
33-1/8 


6-1/2 
11-1/2 
16-1/2 
21-1/2 
26-1/2 



48 

73. The widths of zigzag riveted lap and strap connections, in 
accordance with the minimum requirements of the riveting specifica- 
tions, are given in the following tables: 



LAPS AND STRAPS. 

ZIGZAG RIVETING. 



Weights of plates, nom., in pounds. 


Under 3. 


From 
3 to 7 
incl. 


Over 

7 to 8* 
incl. 


Widths 
of connec- 
tions in 

rivet 
diameters. 


Rivets, inches 1 1/4 


3/8 


1/2 


Rivet holes, inches ' 9/32 


« 


9/16 


Area, holes, sq. in 1 0.062 


0.130 0.248 

1 


Connections. 


Spacing in each row. Width of^onnections in 


Seam 
laps..// 


3-1/2 rivet diameters. . 


1-3/16 


1-13/16 


2-3/8 


4-3/4 


4 rivet diameters 


1-1/4 


1-7/8 


2-1/2 


5 


4-1/2 rivet diameters. . 


1-9/32 


1-15/16 


2-9/16 


5-1/8 


Single 
straps. . // 


3-1/2 rivet diameters. . 


2-3/8 


3-9/16 


4-3/4 


9-1/2 


4 rivet diameters 


2-1/2 


3-3/4 


5 


10 


4-1/2 rivet diameters. . 


2-9/16 


3-7/8 


5-1/8 


10-1/4 



49 



LAPS AND STRAPS. 

ZIGZAG RIVETING 



Weights of plates, nom. in pounds. 


Over 

8J to 12 i 

incl. 


Over 

12| to 19 

incl. 


Over 

19 to 29 

incl. 


Widths 
of connec- 
tions in 
rivet 
diameters. 


Rivets, inches 




5/8 


3/4 


7/8 






Rivet rio es, inches 


11/16 


13/16 


15/16 






Area, holes, sq 


.in 


0.371 


0.518 


0.69 




Connections. 


Spacing in each row. 


Width of connections in 
inches. 


Seam 
laps.. // 


3-1/2 rivet diameters. . 


3 


3-9/16 


4-3/ 


4-3/4 


4 rivet diamet rs 


3-1/8 


3-3 


4-3/8 


5 


4-1/2 rivet diameters. . 


3-1/4 


3-7/8 


4-1/2 


5-1/8 


Single 
straps. . // 


3-1/2 rivet diameters. . 


5-15/16 


7-1/8 


8-5/16 


9-1/2 


4 rivet diameters 


6-1/4 


7-1/2 


8-3/4 


10 


4-1/2 rivet diameters. . 


6-7/16 


7-11/16 


9 


10-1/4 



50 

74. The widths of chain riveted double butt straps, in accordance 
with the minimum requirements of the riveting specifications, are given 
in the following table: 

DOUBLE BUTT STSAPS. 

CHAIN RIVETING. 



"Weights of plates, 
nom. in pounds. 


Over 

m to 19 

incl. 


Over 
19 to 25 

incl. 


Over 

25 to 29 

incl. 


Over 
29 to 39 
incl. 


Over 

39 to 49 

incl. 


Over 

49. 


Widths 

of 
straps 

in 
rivet 
diame- 
ters. 


Rivets, inches 


5/8 


3/4 


7/8 


1 


1-1/8 


1-1/4 


Holes, inches 


11/16 


13/16 


15/16 


1-1/16 


1-3/16 


1-5/16 


Area, holes, sq. in. 


0.371 


0.518 


0.690 


0.887 


1.107 


1.353 


Riveting. 


Widths of straps, in inches. 


//-// 


| 
7-13/16 9-3/8 


10-15/16 


12-1/2 14-1/16 


15-5/8 


12-1/2 


///-/// 1 11-9/16 


13-7/8 


16-3/16 


18-1/2 20-13/16 


23-1/8 


18-1/2 


////-//// 15-5/16 


18-3/8 


21-7/16 


24-1/2 27-9/16 


30-5/8 


24-1/2 



51 



75. The following table gives transverse locations for rivets in flanges 
of single riveted shapes: 

GAGE TABLE FOR SHAPES— SINGLE RIVETING. 



Diameter 
of rivets. 


Width of 
flange : 

sum of 
dimen- 
sions A, 
B, and C. 


A. 


B. 


C. 


Minimum 

distance 

from edge 

of un- 

planed 

shape, 1-5/8 

diameters 

of rivet. 


Thick- 
ness of 
flange. 


Distance 
from in- 
side of 
vertical 
flange. 


Distance 

from 
edge of 
shape. 


To center of rivets. 


Inches. 


1/4 


1 
1-1/4 


1/8 
1/8 


7/16 
9/16 


. 7/16 
9/16 


7/16 


3/8 


1-1/2 
1-3/4 


3/16 
3/16 


11/16 
13/16 


5/8 
3/4 


5/8 


1/2 


2 

2-1/4 


3/16 
3/16 


15/16 
1-1/16 


7/8 
1 


13/16 


5/8 


2-1/2 
3 


1/4 
5/16 


1-1/8 
1-5/16 


1-1/8 
1-3/8 


1 


3/4 


3 

3-1/2 

4 


5/16 
5/16 

3/8 


1-5/16 
1-9/16 
1-3/4 


1-3/8 
1-5/8 

1-7/8 


1-1/4 


7/8 


3-1/2 
4 


3/8 

3/8 


1-9/16 
1-3/4 


1-9/16 

1-7/8 


1-7/16 


1 


4 


7/16 


1-3/4 


1-13/16 


1-5/8 


1-1/8 


5 


3/8 


2-3/8 


2-1/4 


1-13/16 


1-1/4 


5 


7/16 


2-3/8 


2-3/16 


2-1/16 



52 



76. The following table gives transverse spacings for rivets in shapes, 
with the corresponding net widths of flanges, for the longitudinal spac- 
ings of rivets and thicknesses of bars noted: 

GAGE TABLE FOR SHAPES, ZIGZAG RIVETING. 



Diameter 
of rivets. 


Spacing of rivets. 


A. 


B. 


c. 


D. 


Minimum 
width of 
unplaned 
flange re- 
quired: 

Sum of 
dimen- 
sions 
A, B, C, 
andD. 


In rows. 


Between 
rows. 


Thick- 
ness of 
flange. 


Distance 
from in- 
side of 
vertical 
flange 
to first 
row. 


Between 
rows. 


Distance 
from 
second 
row to 
edge, at 
1-5/8 di- 
ameters. 


To center of rivet. 


Inches. 


Rivet diameters. 


Inches. 


3/8 


4 

4-1/2 
5-1/2 


1-3/4 

1-7/8 

2 


1/4 


3/4 


11/16 
11/16 

3/4 


5/8 


2-5/16 
2-5/16 
2-3/8 


1/2 


4 

4-1/2 
5-1/2 


1-3/4 

1-7/8 

2 


5/16 


7/8 


7/8 

15/16 

1 


13/16 


2-7/8 
2-15/16 
3 


5/8 


4 

4-1/2 
5-1/2 


1-3/4 

1-7/8 

2 


5/16 


1 


1-1/8 

1-3/16 

1-1/4 


1 


3-7/16 

3-1/2 

3-9/16 


3/4 


4 
4-1/2 
5-1/2 


1-3/4 

1-7/8 
2 


5/16 


1-1/8 


1-5/16 

1-7/16 

1-1/2 


1-1/4 


4 
4-1/8 
4-3/16 


7/8 


4 
4-1/2 
5-1/2 


1-3/4 

1-7/8 
2 


3/8 


1-5/16 


1-9/16 1 
1-5/8 ! 1-7/16 
1-3/4 


4-11/16 
4-3/4 
4-7/8 . 


1 


4 
4-1/2 
5-1/2 


1-3/4 

1-7/8 
2 


1/2 


1-1/2 


1-3/4 

1-7/8 | 1-5/8 

2 


5-3/8 
5-1/2 
5-5/8 


1-1/8 


4 
4-1/2 
5-1/2 


1-3/4 

1-7/8 
2 


1/2 


1-5/8 


2 

2-1/8 
2-1/4 


1-13/16 


5-15/16 

6-1/16 

6-3/16 


1-1/4 


4 
4-1/2 
5-1/2 


1-3/4 

1-7/8 
2 


5/8 


1-3/4 


2-3/16 

2-3/8 
2-1/2 


2-1/16 


6-5/8 

6-13/16 

6-15/16 



53 

Distance "B," in table, for 3/8-inch rivets is taken as 2 diameters, 
for 3/4 to 1 inch rivets inclusive as 1-1/2 diameters, and for 1-1/4-inch 
rivets as 1-4/10 diameters. For other rivets the distances are graduated 
between those mentioned. 

LENGTHS OF RIVETS FOR ORDERING. 

77. The length for ordering pan and button head rivets is measured 
exclusive of the head; for countersunk rivets and taps the ordered 
length includes the head to the top of the countersink. 

ALLOWANCE FOR POINTS IN LENGTH OF RIVETS, WITH TWO 
THICKNESSES CONNECTED. 



Type of point. 



Countersunk 
Hammered _ 

Snap 

Oval 





Diameter of rivets (inches). 




1/2 
1/2 


5/8 
5/8 


3/4 


7/8 


1 


1-1/8 


3/4 


7/8 


1 


1-1/8 


1/2 


1/2 


1/2 


5/8 


5/8 


5/8 


7/8 


1 


1-1/8 


1-1/4 


1-3/8 


1-1/2 


7/8 


7/8 



















For each additional thickness 1/8 inch should be added. 

Allowances given are approximate only and are based upon the aver- 
age practice at various navy yards and private ship yards. Where 
sufficient data at a particular yard is available, such data should be 
used in preference to that contained in the table. 



54 



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56 



79. The values of rivet diameters reduced to inches, are given in the 
following tables: 



Number 
of dia li- 








Diameter of riv 


?ts (inches). 
























ef ers. ' 


1/4 


3/S 


1/2 


5/8 


3/4 


7/8 


1 


1-1 s 


1-1/4 


1-1/2 


3/8 


9/16 


3/4 


15/16 


l-J/8 


1-5,16 


1-1/2 


1-11/16 


1-7/8 


1-5/8 


7/16 


5/8 


13/16 


1 


1-1/4 


1-7/16 


1-5/8 


1-13/16 


2-1/16 


1-3/4 


7/16 


11/16 


7/8 


1-1/8 


1-5/16 


1-9/16 


1-3/4 


2 


2-3/16 


1-7/8 


1/2 


11/16 


15/16 


1-3/16 


1-7/16 


1-5/8 


1-7/8 


2-l/> 


2-3/8 


2 


1/2 


3/4 


1 


1-1/4 


1-1/2 


1-3/4 


2 


2-1/4 


2-1/2 


2-1/4 


9/16 


7/8 


1-1/S 


1-7/16 


1-11/16 


2 


2-1/4 


2-9/16 


2-13/16 


2-1/2 


5/8 


15/16 


1-1/4 


1-9/16 


1-7/8 


2-3/16 


2-1/2 


2-13/16 


3-1/8 


2-3/4 


11/16 


1-1/16 


1-3/8 


1-3/4 


2-1/16 


2-7/16 


2-3/4 


3-1/8 


3-7/16 


3 


3/4 


1-1/8 


1-1/2 


1-7/8 


2-1/4 


2-5/8 


3 


3-3/8 


3-3/4 


3-1/4 


13/16 


1-1/4 


1-5/8 


2-1/16 


2-7/16 


2-7/8 


3-1/4 


3-11/16 


4-1/16 


3-1/2 


7/8 


1-5/16 


1-3/4 


2-3/16 


2-5/8 


3-1/16 


3-1/2 


3-15/16 


4-3/8 


3-3/4 


15/16 


1-7/16 


1-7/8 


2-3/8 


2-13/16 


3-5/16 


3-3/4 


4-1/4 


4-11/16 


4 


1 


1-1/2 


2 


2-1/2 


3 


3-1/2 


4 


4-1/2 


5 


4-1/4 


1-1/16 


1-5/8 


2-1/8 


2-11/16 


3-3/16 


3-3/4 


4-1/4 


4-13/16 


5-5/16 


4-1/2 


1-1/8 


1-11/16 


£-1/4 


2-13/16 


3-3/S 


3-15/16 


4-1/2 


5-1/16 


5-5/8 


4-3/4 


1-3/16 


1-13/16 


2-3/8 


3 


3-9/16 


4-3/16 


4-3/4 


5-3/8 


5-15/16 


5 


1-1/4 


1-7/8 


2-1/2 


3-1/8 


3-3/4 


4-3/8 


5 


5-5/8 


6-1/4 


5-1/4 


1-5/16 


2 


2-5/8 


3-5/16 


3-15/16 


4-5/8 


5-1/4 


5-15/16 


6-9/16 


5-1/2 


1-3/8 


2-1/16 


2-3/4 


3-7/16 


4-1/8 


4-13/16 


5-1/2 


6-3/16 


6-7/8 


5-3/4 


1-7/16 


2-3/16 


2-7/8 


3-5/8 


4-5/16 


5-1/16 


5-3/4 


6-1/2 


7-3/16 


6 


1-1/2 


2-1/4 


3 


3-3/4 


4-1/2 


5-1/4 


6 


6-3/4 


7-1/2 


6-1 '4 


1-9/16 


2-3/8 


3-1/8 


3-15/16 


4-] 1/16 


5-1/2 


6-14 


7-1 16 


7-13/16 


6-1/2 


1-5/8 


2-7/16 


3-1/4 


4-1/16 


4-7/8 


5-11/16 


6-1/2 


7-5/16 


8-1/8 


6-3/4 


1-11/16 


2-9/16 


3-3/8 


4-1/4 


5-1/16 


5-15/16 


6-3/4 


7-5/8 


8-7/16 



57 



Number 

of di- 
ameters. 


Diameter of rivets (inches). 


1/4 


3/8 


1/2 


5/8 


3/4 


7/8 


1 


1-1/8 


1-1/4 


7 


1-3/4 


2-5/8 


3-1/2 


4-3/8 


5-1/4 


6-1/8 


7 


7-7/8 


8-3/4 


7-1/4 


1-13/16 


2-3/4 


3-5/8 


4-9/16 


5-7/16 


6-3/8 


7-1/4 


8-3/16 


9-1/16 


7-1/2 


1-7/8 


2-13/16 


3-3/4 


4-11/16 


5-5/8 


6-9/16 


7-1/2 


8-7/16 


9-3/8 


7-3/4 


1-15/16 


2-15/16 


3-7/8 


4-7/8 


5-13/16 


6-13/16 


7-3/4 


8-3/4 


9-11/16 


8 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


8-1/4 


2-1/16 


3-1/8 


4-1/8 


5-3/16 


6-3/16 


7-1/4 


8-1/4 


9-5/16 


10-5/16 


8-1/2 


2-1/8 


3-3/16 


4-1/4 


5-5/16 


6-3/8 


7-7/16 


8-1/2 


9-9/16 


10-5/8 


8-3/4 


2-3/16 


3-5/16 


4-3/8 


5-1/2 


6-9/16 


7-11/16 


8-3/4 


9-7/8 


10-15/16 


9 


2-1/4 


3-3/8 


4-1/2 


5-5/8 


6-3/4 


7-7/8 


9 


10-1/8 


11-1/4 


9-1/4 


2-5/16 


3-1/2 


4-5/8 


5-13/16 


6-15/16 


8-1/8 


9-1/1 


10-7/16 


11-9/16 


9-1/2 


2-3/8 


3-9/16 


4-3/4 


5-15/16 


7-1/8 


8-5/16 


9-1/2 


10-11/16 


11-7/8 


9-3/4 


2-7/16 


3-11/16 


4-7/8 


6-1/8 


7-5/16 


8-9/16 


9-3/4 


11 


12-3/16 


10 


2-1/2 


3-3/4 


5 


6-1/4 


7-1/2 


8-3/4 


10 


11-1/4 


12-1/2 


10-1/4 


2-9/16 


3-7/8 


5-1/8 


6-7/16 


7-11/16 


9 


10-1/4 


11-9/16 


12-13/16 


10-1/2 


2-5/8 


3-15/16 


5-1/4 


6-9/16 


7-7/8 


9-3/16 


10-1/2 


11-13/16 


13-1/8 


10-3/4 


2-11/16 


4-1/16 


5-3/8 


6-3/4 


8-1/16 


9-7/16 


10-3/4 


12-1/8 


13-7/16 


11 


2-3/4 


4-1/8 


5-1/2 


6-7/8 


8-1/4 


9-5/8 


11 


12-3/8 


13-3/4 


11-1/4 


2-13/16 


4-1/4 


5-5/8 


7-1/16 


8-7/16 


9-7/8 


11-1/4 


12-11/16 


14-1/16 


11-1/2 


2-7/8 


4-5/16 


5-3/4 


7-3/16 


8-5/8 


10-1/16 


11-1/2 


12-15/16 


14-3/8 


11-3/4 


2-15/16 


4-7/16 


5-7/8 


7-3/8 


8-13/16 


10-5/16 


11-3/4 


13-1/4 


14-11/16 


12 


3 


4-1/2 


6 


7-1/2 


9 


10-1/2 


12 


13-1/2 


15 


12-1/4 


3-1/16 


4-5/8 


6-1/8 


7-11/16 


9-3/16 


10-3/4 


12-1/4 


13-13/16 


15-5/16 


12-1/2 


3-1/8 


4-11/16 


6-1/4 


7-13/16 


9-3/8 


10-15/16 


12-1/2 


14-1/16 


15-5/8 



58 



SPACING TABLE. 



Distance Between End Rivets, 


Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 
in Diameters. 


Number 
of rivets, 
including 
the end 
rivets. 




Distance between end rivets (inches). 


> 
of 

fa 

C3 

A 


1 


2 


3 
3 


4 

2 
4 


5 

5 


6 

3 
6 


7 

H 

7 


8 
4 

8 


9 

9 


10 
5 






Ins. 


h 


1 


1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 
1 
1-1/8 


3 


4 




.... 






3.2 


4.0 

3 3 


4.8 
4 


5.5 

4 7 


6.4 
5 3 


7.2 

6 


8.0 
6 7 




'2 














3 4 


4 


46 


5 1 


5 7 




o 

3 

o 
GQ 


+a 

a 

s 












3.0 


3.5 

3.1 


4.0 
3.6 


4.5 
4.0 


5.0 
4.4 




























B 
1—1 


H 


21 
"32" 


1 


ltt 


1 21 
-•-T2 

3 3 


2 
4 


Oil 
Z "32" 

4 7 


021 
Z 32 


3 


3H 




5 3 


6 


6 7 


1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 


















3 ? 


8 8 


4 3 


4 8 


5 4 


4 


















3 1 


3 5 


4 


4 5 




o 


s 


0.4 


0.8 


1.1 


1.5 


1.9 


2.3 


2.7 


3.0 


3.4 


3.8 




3 

Oh 

w. 


o 

a 

S 


.3 
.3 


.7 
.6 


1.0 
.9 


1.3 
1.2 


1.7 
1.5 


2.0 
1.8 


2.3 
2.1 


2.7 
2.4 


3.0 
2.7 


3.3 
3.0 


1 
1-1/8 






OQ 
PI 


i 


I 


i 


1 


X£ 


1* 

3 


8 5 


2 
4 


2*. 


2* 




4 5 


5 


1/2 
5/8 
3/4 






















3 ? 


3 6 


40 


5 


m 

►> 




0.3 


0.7 


1.0 


1.3 


1.7 


2.0 


2.3 


2.7 


3.0 


3.3 




"o 


g 


.3 


.6 


.9 


1.1 


1.4 


1.7 2.0 


2.3 


2.5 


2.8 


7/8 




o 

c3 

Oh 

m 


0) 

a 


.3 
.2 


.5 

.4 


.8 

.7 


1.0 
.9 


1.3 
1.1 


1.5 1.8 
1.3 1.6 


2.0 
1.8 


2.3 
2.0 


2.5 

2.2 


1 
1-1/8 



59 



SPACING TABLE. 



Distance Between End Rivets, 


Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 
in Diameters. 


Number of 
rivets, includ- 
ing the end 
rivets. 




Distance between end rivets (inches). 


Diam- 
eter of 
rivet 
(inches). 


20 


30 


40 


50 


60 


70. 


80 


90 


100 


3 


© 
> 

'f-i 

•4-1 

o 

M 

o 
OS 

Ph 
CO 


Ins. 

© 

0) 

o3 
ft 


10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 
1 
1-1/8 
























































10.0 
8.9 


































I 












4 


OQ 

+3 

© 

o 
to 

# s 
'3 

ft 
CO 


Ins. 

© 
© 

03 

s 


£21 


10 


13|i 


16ft 


20 


23-g-ij 


26fi 


30 


33^2 






















1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 
1 
1-1/8 




















8.9 
7.6 
8.7 
5.9 


















11.4 

10.0 

8.9 


























































5 


CO 

+3 

© 

_p 
'© 

03 

ft 
CO 


Ins. 

DQ 

© 

a 

o3 
S 


5 

10.0 
8.0 
6.7 
5.7 
5.0 
4.4 


n 


10 


\2\ 


15 


17* 


20 


22^ 


25 














1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 
1 
1-1/8 


12.0 

10.0 

8.6 

7.5 

6.7 












































10.0 

8.9 







































60 



SPACING TABLE. 

Distance Between End Rivets, Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 

in Diameters. 



Number 
of rivets, 
including 
the end 
rivets. 






Distance between end rivets (inches). 


Diam- 
eter of 
rivet 
(inches). 




1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


6 


CD 
> 

o 

S 

a 
m 


Ins. 
g 

I 

s 


T6 


H 


19 
3~2 


if 


1 


1-3- 

J-16 


118 
J--32 


119 
J-T2 

3.2 
2.6 
2.1 
1.8 
1.6 
1.4 


113 
J-T6 

3.6 

2.9 
2.4 
2.1 
1.8 
1.6 


2 

4.0 

3.2 
2.7 
2.3 
2.0 

1.8 


1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 

1 

1-1/8 


0.3 
.3 
.2 
.2 
.2 


0.7 
.5 
.5 

.4 
.4 


0.9 

.8 
.7 
.6 
.5 


1.3 

1.1 

.9 

.8 

• 7 


1.6 

1.3 

1.1 

1.0 

.9 


1.9 

1.6 
1.4 
1.2 
1.1 


2.3 
1.9 
1.6 
1.4 
1.3 


7 


m 
O 
> 

•a 

o 

biD 

'o 


Ins. 

g 

a> 
+^ 

a 

•■H 


5 
T2 

0.3 
.3 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.1 


ii 

¥2 

0.7 
.6 
.5 
.4 
.3 
.3 


1 

1.0 

.8 
.7 
.6 
.5 
.4 


tt 

1.3 
1.1 

.9 

.8 
.6 
.6 


tt 

1.7 
1.4 
1.1 
1.0 

.8 
.8 


1 

2.0 
1.6 
1.3 
1.1 
1.0 
.9 


1 5 
J-T2 

2.3 
1.9 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 
1.0 


in 

2.7 
2.2 
1.8 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 


1| 


121 
J-T2 




3.0 
2.4 
2.0 
1.7 
1.5 
1.3 


3.3 
2.7 
2.2 
1.9 
1.6 
1.5 


1/2 . 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 
1 
1 1/8 


8 


O 

> 

"G 

'3 
oe 

GO 


IllS. 

g 

2 
<x> 

a 

s 


0.3 
.3 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.1 


0.6 
.5 
.4 
.3 
.3 
.3 


0.9 

.7 
.6 
.5 
.4 

.4 


9 
16 

1.1 

.9 
.8 
.6 
.0 
.5 


23 
32 

1.4 
1.2 

1.0 

.8 
.7 
.6 


27 
F2 

1.7 
1.4 
1.1 
1.0 

.8 
.8 


1 

2.0 
1.6 
1.3 
1.1 
1.0 
.9 


1* 

2.3 
1.9 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 
1.0 


1 9 

J-T2 

2.6 
2.1 
1.7 
1.5 
1.3 
1.1 


1* 

2.9 
2.3 
1.9 
1.6 
1.4 
1.3 




1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 
1 
1-1/8 



61 



SPACING TABLE. 

Distance Between End Rivets, Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 

in Diameters. 



Number of 
rivets, includ- 
ing the end 
rivets. 






Distance between end rivets (inches). 


Diam- 
eter of 
rivet 

(inches) 




20 

4 

8.0 
6.4 
5.3 
4.6 
4.0 
3.6 


30 

6 

12.0 
9.6 
8.0 
6.9 
6.0 
5.3 


40 

8 


50 

10 


GO 

12 


70 
14 


80 

16 


90 

18 


100 

20 


<3 

CD 
i> 

o 

jf 

u 

Ph 
w 


Ins. 

B 

CD 

-^ 

CD 

oS 
S 


6 








1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 
1 
1-1/8 
















10.7 
9.1 
8.0 
7.1 


























10.0 
8.9 
































7 


CD 

OS 
Ph 
GQ 


0D 
Pi 
hH 

02 

5 

CD 

a 

cS 

3 


3H 

6.7 
5.4 
4.5 
3.8 

3.3 
3.0 


5 

10.0 
8.0 
6.7 
5.7 
5.0 
4.4 


6f* 


8H 


10 


llfi 


13y2 


15 


16fi 












1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 
1 
1-1/8 


10.7 
8.9 
7.6 
6.7 
5.9 


























9.5 
8.3 
7.4 






















8.9 








.... 


8 


■+-> 
CD 
t> 

O 

oS 

Ph 


02 

q 

02 

<D 
CD 

a 

oS 
S 


Hi 

5.7 
4.6 

3.8 
3.3 
2.8 
2.5 


4-2- 

8.6 
6.9 
5.7 
4.9 
4.3 
3.8 


5|| 


7-h 


8^ 


10 


HA 


12fi 


14A 








1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 
1 
1-1/8 


9.2 
7.6 
6.5 
5.7 
5.1 














9.5 
8.2 
7.2 
6.4 






















8.6 
7.6 










8.9 


.... 







62 



SPACING TABLE. 



Distance Between End Rivets, 


Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 
in Diameters. 








• Distance between end rivets (inches). 




Number 
of rivets, 
including 
the end 
rivets. 






1 
1 


2 
I 


3 
f 


4 

i 


5 

f 


6 

i 


7 
f 


8 
1 


9 

u 


10 


Diam- 
eter of 
rivet 
Cinches') 




Ins. 






0.3 


0.5 


0.8 


1.0 


1.3 


1.5 


1.8 2.0 


2.3 


2.5 


1/2 








.2 


.4 


.6 


.8 


1.0 


1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 


1.8 


2.0 


5/8 


9 


m 

> 


H 


.2 
.1 


.3 
.3 


.5 

.4 


.7 
.6 


.8 
.7 


1.0 
.9 


1.2J1.3 
1.0 1.1 


1.5 
1.3 


1.7 
1.4 


3/4 
7/8 




a 

oS 

ft 


a 

S 


.1 
.1 


.3 

.2 


.4 
.3 


.5 
.4 


.6 
.6 


.8 
.7 


.9 

.8 


1.0 
.9 


1.1 
1.0 


1.3 
1.1 


1 

1-1/8 








1 

0.3 


0.4 


ii 
0.7 


0.9 


A 


H 


H 


1 


1 


1£ 




1.1 


1.3 


1.6 


1.8 


2.0 


2.3 


1/2 








.2 


.4 


.6 


.7 


.9 


1.1 


1.3 


1.4 


1.6 


1.8 


5/8 


10 


0> 




.2 


.3 


.5 


.6 


.8 


.9 


1.0 


1.2 


1.3 


1.5 


3/4 






s 


.1 


.3 


.4 


.5 


.6 


* .8 


.9 


1.0 


1.1 


1.3 


7/8 




o 
03 

a 

GO 


a 

3 


.1 
.1 


.2 
.2 


.3 
.3 


.4 
.4 


.6 
.5 


.7 
.6 


.8 
.7 


.9 

.8 


1.0 
9 


1.2 
1.0 


1 

1-1/8 

1 






1— 1 


A 


** 


19 
64 


44 


i 


19 
T2 


II 


51 


M 


1 






0.20 


0.40 


0.60 


0.80 


1.00 


1.20 


1.40 


1.60 


1.80 


2.00 


1/2 








.16 


.32 


.48 


.64 


.80 


.96 


1.12 


1.28 


1.44 


1.60 


5/8 


11 


3 

> 




.13 


.27 


.40 


.53 


.67 


.80 


.93 


1.07 


1.20 


1.33 


3/4 




2 


.11 


.23 


.34 


.46 


.57 


.69 


.80 


.91 


1.03 


1.14 


7/8 




$ 

a 
o3 

00 


<1> 

o 

a 

03 
S 


.10 
.09 


.20 
.18 


.30 

.27 


.40 
.36 


.50 
.44 


.60 
.53 


.70 
.62 


.80 
.71 


.90 

.80 


1.00 

.89 


1 

1-1/8 



63 



SPACEVG TABLE. 



Distance Between End Rivets, 


Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 
in Diameters. 


Number of 
rivets, includ- 
ing the end 
rivets. 




Distance between end rivets (inches). 


Diam- 
eter of 
rivet 
(inches). 


20 
2i 


30 

31 


40 


50 


00 


70 


80 


90 


100 






Ins. 


5 


6i 


7* 


8f 


10 


Hi 


12| 










5 


7 5 


10 




I 
........ 








1/2 
5/8 
3/4 
7/8 








4 


6 


8 


10. 










9 


S 




3 s 


5 


6 7 


8. 3 












> 
o 


02 


2.9 


4.3 


5.7 


7.1 


8.6 












M 

m 


CD 
+^ 
CD 

B 

3 


2.5 

2.2 


3.8 

3.3 


5.0 
4.4 


6.3 
5.6 


7.5 
6.7 


8.8 
7.8 








1-1/8 


8.9 










3 


2t2 


^32 


4-2- 


x 9 

ore 


£21 
b T2 


725 
' 3~2 


8| 


10 


11* 






4 4 


6 7 


8 9 














1/2 
5/8 
3/4 








8 6 


5 4 


7 1 


8 9 












10 






3.0 


4.5 


5.9 


7.4 


8.9 







— 







!> 




2.5 


3.8 


5.1 


6.4 


7.6 


8.9 





— 




7/8 




o 

M 

o 

m 


s 

CD 

CD 

B 

s 


2.2 
2.0 


3.3 
3.0 


4.4 
3.9 


5.6 
4.9 


6.7 
5.9 


7.8 
6.9 


8.9 
7.9 


8.9 


.... 


1 

1-1/8 






d 
i— t 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 






4.0 

3.2 


6.0 8.0 
4.8 6.4 


10.0 
8.0 












1/2 

5/8 


9.6 


. . . . 






. . . . 


11 


CD 
> 




2.7 


4.0 5.3 

1 


6.7 


8.0 


y9. 3 






.... 


3/4 




C 


?j 


2.3 


3. 4 4.6 


5.7 


6.9 


8.0 


9.1 






7/8 




'a 

GQ 


s 
S 


2.0 

1.8 


3.0 4.0 

2,7 3.6 


5.0 
4.4 


6.0 
5.3 


7.0 
6.2 


8.0 
7.1 


9.0 
8.0 


8.9 


1 
1-1/8 



64 



SPACING TABLE. 

Distance Between End Rivets, Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 

in Diameters. 



Number 

of rivets, 

including 

the end 

rivets. 




Distance between end rivets (inches). 


Diam- 
eter of 
rivet 
(inches) 


1 


2 


3 1 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 






Ins. 


0.18 


A 

0.36 


1 7 
64 

0.54 


23 

0.72 


29 
"6¥ 

0.91 


3 5 

tS4f 



1.09 


41 
"SI - 

1.27 


47 

1.46 


ft 


29 
T2" 




1.64 


1.82 


1/2 








.15 


.29 


.44 


.58 


.73 


.88 


1.02 


1.17 


1.31 


1.46 


5/8 


12 


m 

CD 
i> 




.12 


.24 


• 

.36 


.48 


.60 


.73 


.85 


.97 


1.09 


1.21 


3/4 




'o 


QQ 


.10 


.21 


.31 


.41 


.52 


.62 


.73 


.83 


.94 


1.04 


7/8 






0) 
CD 


.09 


.18 


.27 


.36 


.45 


.55 


.64 


.73 


.82 


.91 


1 




m 


o3 

s 


.08 


.16 


.24 


.32 


.40 


.49 


.57 


.65 


.73 


. 81 1-1/8 






to 
i— i 


A 


1 1 
tz 


i 


21 
"6~4 


27 
¥4- 


i 


3 7 


43 

■6 4" 


I 


53 

■6T 






0.17 


0. 33 0. 50 


0.67 


0.83 


1.00 


1.17 


1.33 


1.50 


1.67 


1/2 








.14 


.27, .40 


.54 


.67 


.80 


.94 


1.07 


1.20 


1.34 


5/8 


13 


CD 




.11 


.22 .33 


.45 


.56 


.67 


.78 


.89 


1.00 


1.11 


3/4 






ED 


.09 


.19 .29 


.38 


.47 


.57 


.67 


.76 


.86 


.95 


7/8 




S 

o 


CD 

a 


.08 


.16 ,25 


.34 


.42 


.50 


.58 


.66 


.75 


.83 


1 




00 


C3 

s 


.07 


.15 .22 

i 


.30 


.37 


.44 


.52 


.59 


.67 


.74 


1-1/8 








6^ 


A 


15 
64 


A 


25 


15 


Ai 


3 9 


1 1 

TS" 


59 
^4" 




0.16 


0.31 


0.46 


0. 61 0. 77 


0.93 


1.08 


1.23 


1.39 


1.54 


1/2 








.13 


.25 


.37 


.49 


.62 


.74 


.86 


.99 


1.11 


1.23 


5/8 


14 


-2 




.10 


.20 


.30 


.41 


.51 


.62 


.72 


.82 


.93 


1.03 


3/4 






GO 


.09 


.17 


.26 


.35 


.44 


.53 


.61 


.70 


.79 


.88 


7/8 




60 

a 


CD 
CD 

a 


.08 


.15 


.23 


.31 


.38 


.46 


.54 


.62 


.69 


.77 


1 




oS 

ft 

00 


o3 

S3 


.07 


.14 


.21 


.27 


.34 


.41 


.48 


.55 


.62 


. 68 1-1/8 

1 



65 



SPACING TABLE. 

Distance Between End Rivets, Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 

in Diameters. 



Number of 
rivets, includ- 
ing the end 
rivets. 




Distance between end rivets (inches). 


Diam- 
eter of 
rivet 
(inches) 


20 


30 


40 


50 


60 


70 

6f 


80 

7^ 


90 


100 






Ins. 


1« 


Q23 
Z T2 


3f 


4H 


5M 


8A 


9& 










3 6 


ft 4 


7 3 


9 1 












1/2 
5/8 








2.9 


4.4 


5.8 


7.3 


8.8 








. . . . 


12 






9 4 


3 6 


4 S 


6 


7 3 


R 5 








3/4 

7/8 

1 




> 

*5h 




9 1 


3 1 


4 1 


ft a 


6 3 


7 3 


8 3 








O 


E 


1.8 


2.7 


3.6 


4.5 


5.5 


6.4 


7.3 


8.2 


.... 




c3 
ft 

CO 


s 


1.6 


2.4 


3.2 


4.0 


4.9 


5.7 


6.5 


7.3 


8.1 


1-1/8 






Ins. 


121 
J-T2 

3.3 


21 
5.0 


3A 
6.6 


4A 
8,3 


5 


5fi 


m 


7* 


°3"2 










1/2 
5/8 


13 






2.7 


4.0 


5.3 


6.7 


8.0 


9.4 


— 









B 




2,2 


3 3 


4.4 


ft.ft 


6.7 


7.8 


8 9 






3/4 




> 


B 


1.9 


2.9 


3.8 


4.8 


5.7 


6.7 


7.6 


8.6 




7/8 






+3 


1.7 


2.5 


3.3 


4.2 


5.0 


5.8 


6.7 


7.5 


8.3 


1 




ft 

CO 


o3 
ft 


1.5 


2.2 


2.9 


3.7 


4.4 


5.2 


5.9 


6.7 


7.4 


1-1/8 






Ins. 


m 

3 


2 A 


3t§" 


Q27 
^32 


4f 


5| 


6^ 


m 


7H 




4,6 


6 1 


7 7 


9 3 










1/2 
5/8 








2.5 


3.7 


4.9 


6.2 


7.4 


8 6 








14 


09 




2.0 


3.1 


4.1 


5.1 


6.2 


7.2 


8.2 


.... 


.... 


3/4 




•a 


R 


1.8 


2.6 


3.5 


4.4 


5.3 


6.1 


7.0 


7.9 


8.8 


7/8 




.$° 


-2 

a 


1.5 


2.3 


3.1 


3.8 


4.6 


5.4 


6.2 


6.9 


7.7 


1 




Ph 
CO 


ft 


1.4 


2.1 


2.7 


3.4 


4.1 


4.8 


5.5 


6.2 


6.8 


1-1/8 



66 



SPACING TABLE. 



Distance Between End Rivets 


Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 
in Diameters. 


Number 
of rivets, 
including 
the end 
rivets. 




Distance between end rivets (inches). 


Diam- 
eter of 
rivet 
(inches) 


1 


o 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 






Ins. 


■h 


A 


■h 


A 


23 


27 
ST 


1 


37 
ST 


41 

ST 


H 










0.14 


0.29 


0.43 


0.57 


0.71 


0.86 


1.00 


1.14 


1.29 


1.43 


1/2 








.12 


.23 


.34 


.46 


.57 


.69 


.80 


.92 


1.03 


1.15 


5/8 


15 


0) 
>- 




.10 


.19 


.28 


.38 


.48 


.57 


.67 


.76 


.86 


.95 


3/4 




"5h 


?l 


.08 


.16 


.24 


.32 


.41 


.49 


.57 


.65 


.74 


.82 


7/8 




o 


a 

o3 
Q 


.07 

.06 


.14 
.13 


.21 

.19 


.28 
.25 


.36 
.32 


.43 
.38 


.50 

.44 


.57 
.51 


.64 
.57 


.72 
.64 


1 
1-1/8 






Ins. 


0.13 


0.27 


13 
64 

0.40 


XI 

64 

0.53 


0.67 


0.80 


0.93 


u 

1.07 


M 


« 




1.20 


1.33 


1/2 








.11 


.22 


.32 


.43 


,53 


.64 


.75 


.86 


.96 


1.07 


5/8 


16 


> 




.09 


.18 


.27 


.35 


.45 


.53 


.62 


.71 


.80 


.89 


3/4 




•a 


?i 


.08 


.15 


.23 


.30 


.38 


.46 


.53 


.61 


.69 


.76 


7/8 




"o 

03 
ft 


5 

o 

B 

o3 

S 


.07 
.06 


.13 
.12 


.20 
.18 


.27 

.24 


.33 
.30 


.40 
.36 


.47 
.41 


.53 

.48 


.60 
.53 


.67 
.59 


1 
1-1/8 






Ins. 


■h 


i 


& 


i 


A 


t 


A 


1 


A 


i 




0.13 


0.25 


0.38 


0.50 


0.63 


0.75 


0.88 


1.00 


1.13 


1.25 


1/2 








.10 


.20 


.30 


.40 


.50 


.60 


.70 


.80 


.90 


1.00 


5/8 


17 






.08 


.17 


.25 


.33 


.42 


.50 


.58 


.67 


.75 


.83 


3/4 






B 


.07 


.14 


.21 


.29 


.36 


.43 


.50 


.57 


.64 


.71 


7/8 




a 

'o 

03 

Oh 

CO 


& 

<D 

1 
S 


.06 
.05 


.13 
.11 


.19 
.17 


.25 
.22 


.31 

.28 


.38 
.33 


.44 
.39 


.50 
.44 


.56 
.50 


.63 

.56 


1 
1-1/8 



67 



SPACING TABLE. 



Distance Between End Rivets 


, Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 
in Diameters. 


Number of 
rivets, includ- 
ing the end 
rivets. 




Distance between end rivets (inches). 


Diam- 
eter oi 
rivet 
(inches) 


20 


30 

2-h 


40 

2» 


50 

3& 


60 

4-9- 


70 

5 


80 

CT23 
°T2 


90 

6^ 


100 

7^ 






Ins. 


i* 




2.9 


4.3 


5.7 


7.1 


8.6 













1/2 








2.3 


3.5 


4.6 


5.7 


6.9 


8.0 


9.2 








5/8 


15 






1.9 


2.9 


3.8 


4.8 


5.7 


6.7 


7.6 


8.6 





3/4 




■a 


P 


1.6 


2.5 


3.3 


4.1 


4.9 


5.7 


6.5 


7.4 


8.2 


7/8 




■8 

o3 

m 


03 
S 


1.4 
1.3 


2.2 
1.9 


2.8 
2.5 


3.6 

3.2 


4.3 
3.8 


5.0 
4.4 


5.7 
5.1 


6.4 
5.7 


7.2 

6.4 


1 

1-1/8 






a 


in 

J-T2 

2.7 


2 
4.0 


m 

5.3 


6.7 


4 
8.0 


4fi 
9.3 


m 


6 


fi21 








1/2 
5/8 








2.2 


3.2 


4.3 


5.3 


6.4 


7.5 


8.6 


. . . . 


. . - . 


16 


> 




1.8 


2.7 


3.5 


4.5 


5.3 


6.2 


7.1 


8.0 


8.9 


3/4 




•a 


ft 


1.5 


2.3 


3.0 


3.8 


4.6 


5.3 


6.1 


6.9 


7.6 


7/8 




I 


0) 

03 
S 


1.3 


2.0 


2.7 


3.3 


4.0 


4.7 


5.3 


6.0 


6.7 


1 




oS- 


1.2 


1.8 


2.4 


3.0 


3.6 4.1 


4.7 


5.3 


5.9 


1-1/8 






a 


2.5 


11 
3.8 


2* 
5.0 


6.2 


3f 
7.5 


4| 

8.7 


5 


51 


6i 










1/2 


17 






2.0 
1.7 


3.0 
2.5 


4.0 

3.3 


5.0 
4.2 


6.0 
5.0 


7.0 

5.8 


8.0 
6.7 


9.0 
7.5 


8.3 


5/8 
3/4 






n 


1.4 


2.1 


2.9 


3.6 


4.3 


5.0 


5.7 


6.4 


7.1 


7/8 




Ph 


a 

03 
S 


1.3 
1.1 


1.9 
1.7 


2.5 

2.2 


3.1 

2.8 


3.8 

3.3 


4.4 
3.9 


5.0 
4.4 


5.6 
5.0 


6.3 
5.6 


1 

1-1/8 



68 



SPACING TABLE. 

Distance Between End Rivets, Number of Rivets and Spacing in Inches and 

in Diameters. 



Number 
of rivets," 
ineludins; 
the end 






Distance between end rivets (inches). 








1 


2 3 


■i 


5 


(> 


7 


8 


9 


10 


Diam- 
eter of 


























rivet 

(inches) 






















Ins. 


i* 


4 ii 

5 64 


64 


19 
64 


23 
"54" 


u 


if 


H 


H 










0.12 


0.240.35 


0.47 


0.59 


0.71 


0.83 


0.94 


1.06 


1.18 


1/2 








.10 


.19 


.28 


.38 


.47 


.57 


.66 


.76 


.85 


.94 


5/8 


18 






.08 


.16 


.23 


.31 


.39 


.47 


.55 


.63 


.70 


.78 


3/4 




■fl 


CQ 


.07 


.14 


.20 


.27 


.34 


.40 


.47 


.54 


.60 


.67 


7/8 




? 




.06 


. 12 1 . 18 


.24 


.30 


.35 


.41 


.47 


.53 


.59 


1 




o 


a 




1 




















ft 

CO 


c3 

s 


.05 


.11 .16 


.21 


.26 


.31 


.37 


.42 


.47 


.52 


1-1/8 






0Q 

n 

i— i 


A 


■h 


tt 


7 


A 


U 


26 


7 

T6 


i 


& 




0.12 


0.23 


0.33 


0.44 


0.56 


0.67 


0.78 


0.89 


1.00 


1.11 


1/2 








.09 


.18 


.27 


.36 


.45 


.54 


.62 


.71 


.80 


.89 


5/8 


19 


QQ 
+3 




♦.08 


.15 


.22 


.30 


.37 


.45 


.52 


.59 


.67 


.74 


3/4 




o 


g 


.07 


.13 


.19 


.25 


.32 


\38 


.44 


.51 


.57 


.64 


7/8 




a» 




.06 


.1] 


.17 


.22 


.28 


.33 


.39 


.44 


.50 


.56 


1 




3 


a 


























ft 

GO 


3 


.05 


.10 


.15 


.20 


.25 


.30 


.34 


.39 


.44 


.49 


1-1/8 






a 


0.10 


0.21 


0.32 


is 

"64" 

0.42 


tt 


A 


t 


27 


« 


u 




0.53 


0.63 


0.74 


0.84 


0.95 


1.05 


1/2 








.08 


.17 


.26 


.34 


.42 


.51 


.59 


.68 


.76 


.84 


5/8 


20 


03 




.07 


.14 


.21 


.28 


.35 


.42 


.49 


.56 


.63 


.70 


3/4 






R 


.06 


.12 


.16 


.24 


.30 


.36 


.42 


.48 


.54 


.60 


7/8 




a 3 


5 

0) 


.05 


.11 


.16 


.21 


.27 


.32 


.37 


.42 


.48 


.53 


1 




•a 


§ 


























ft 


c3 

3 


.04 


.09 


.14 


.19 


.23 


.28 


.33 


.38 


.42 


.47 


1-1/8 



69 



SPACING TABLE. 



Distance Between End Rivets 


Number of Rivets and Spacing in 
in Diameters. 


Inches and 


Number of 
rivets, includ- 
ing the end 
rivets. 




Distance between end rivets (inches). 


Diam- 
eter of 
rivet 
(inches) 


20- 


30 


40 


50 


GO 


70 


80 


90 


100 












1— 1 


1A 

2.3 


U 
8.5 


m 


m 


m 


41 


4.2_3 


5^ 


5| 




4.7 


5.9 


7.1 


8.3 








1/2 
5/8 








1.9 


2.8 


3.8 


4.7 


5.7 


6.6 


7.6 


8.5 


.... 


18 


DQ 

0) 




1.5 


2.3 


3.1 


3.9 


4.7 


5.5 


6.3 


7.0 


7.8 


3/4 




o 


OQ 


1.3 


2.0 


2.7 


3.4 


4.0 


4.7 


5.4 


6.0 


6.7 


7/8 






0) 


1.2 


1.8 


2.3 


2.9 


3.5 


4.1 


4.7 


5.3 


5.9 


1 






o3 

• |H 

ft 


1.0 


1.6 


2.1 


2.6 


3.1 


3.7 


4.2 


4.7 


5.2 


1-1/8 






i' 

l-H 


1* 

2.2 


121 
J-T2 

3.3 


2t2 
4.4 


m 

5.5 


6.7 


3| 

7.7 


8,9 


5 


K 9 
°16 







1/2 








1.8 


2.7 


3.6 


4.5 


5.4 


6.2 


7.1 


8.0 


8.9 


5/8 


19 


03 




1.5 


2.2 


3.0 


3.7 


4.5 


5.2 


5.9 


6.7 


7.4 


3/4 




'£ 

"o 


E 


1.3 


1.9 


2.5 


3.2 


3.8 


4.4 


5.1 


5.7 


6.4 


7/8 








1.1 


1.7 


2.2 


2.8 


3.3 


3.9 


4.4 


5.0 


5.6 


1 




Ph 

«2 


c3 

s 


1.0 


1.5 


2.0 


2.5 


3.0 


3.4 


3.9 


4.4 


4.9 


1-1/8 






03 

l-H 


1A 

2.1 


m 

3.2 


2t2 
4.2 


2f 
5.2 


3^ 
6.3 


7.4 


4A 
8.4 


41 


5i 








1/2 
5/8 








1.7 


2.6 


3.4 


4.2 


5.1 


5.9 


6.8 


7.6 


8.4 


20 


03 




1.4 


2.1 


2.8 


3.5 


4.2 


4.9 


5.6 


6.3 


7.0 


3/4 




"8 


E 


1.2 


1.8 


2.4 


3.0 


3.6 


4.2 


4.8 


5.4 


6.0 


7/8 




I 


<D 

a 

S 


1.1 


1.6 


2.1 


2.6 


3.2 


3.7 


4.2 


4.8 


5.3 


1 




Ph 
GO 


•9 


1.4 


1.9 


2.3 


2.8 


3.3 


3.8 


4.2 


4.7 


1-1/8 



o 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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